Liquid metals test procedures

IClueh, R. L. and DeVan, J. H., "Liquid Metal Test Procedures, Handbook on Corrosion Testing and Evaluation, W. H. Ailor, Ed., John Wiley Sons, NY, 1971. 

Testing procedures for liquid-metal corrosion are given in Chapter 19. 

Haltner and Oliver found that several metallic sulphides brought about an improvement in the load-carrying capacity when mixed with molybdenum disulphide. The sulphides included stannic and stannous sulphides, lead sulphide, ferrous suiphide and cuprous and cupric sulphides, and in a standard test procedure there was up to a ten-fold increase in load-carrying capacity. They speculated that the action of the added sulphides was similar to that of extreme-pressure additives in liquid lubricants. This would imply the formation of some protective film on the substrate surface. Pardee later suggested that the effective mechanism was more likely to be oxidation inhibition. An alternative would seem to be the possibility that certain sulphides can act as an additional source of sulphur to form sulphide on the substrate surface, and thus improve adhesion of the molybdenum disulphide, as discussed in the previous chapter. 

ASTM G 73, Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing—The behavior of solid specimens that are exposed to discrete impacts of liquid may be evaluated by conducting studies according to this standard. Specimens are subjected to hquid sprays or jets and the weight loss (or other metal loss data) is recorded with exposure time. This method presents test apparatus, test specimens, test procedures, and calculations and analysis of erosion resistance. 

Due to the wide variety of organic hquids, specific information relevant to each one cannot be covered in Umited space. The focus of this chapter will be primarily on corrosion of metals in liquid phase, though many of the comments are applicable to nonmetals as well as vapor phase attack. Since corrosion in organic liquids is not fundamen-tedly different than corrosion in aqueous solution, testing procedures for types of corrosion are generally very similar. Thus, only unique considerations with respect to testing in organic liquids will be considered. 

No concerted studies on the breakdown products of ionic liquids have been carried out. It is unlikely that these will interfere with the metal species formed, but tests need to be carried out at typical current densities that would be used for commercial plating procedures. 

Matrices most used were soil, water, and organic liquids. Other matrices used were, for example, a polymer strip in the first proficiency test, a metal strip covered with a thin layer of paint in the third proficiency test, and a wipe sample in the fourth proficiency test. In the ninth and tenth proficiency tests, an emulsion sample and decontamination solutions were introduced. Not all sample matrices employed in the past are considered realistic. During the Preparatory Commission of the OPCW, the Task Force on Analytical Issues (see Fourth Report of the Expert Group on Inspection Procedures, PC-VIII/B/WP.12, dated September 20, 1994) discussed that sample matrices such as wipe, rubber, paint, and concrete will be extracted on site and sent as extracts off site for analysis, after splitting. 

If you have items with glass-to-metal seals or metal supports you wish to leak-check with a Tesla coil, you can encase them in a bag. Initiate a discharge with the Tesla coil while filling the bag with a test gas, such as oxygen or helium. This procedure can help to verify whether or not there is a leak. However, it will not help locate the leak. To specifically locate the leak, you may wipe a probe liquid, such as acetone on a cotton swab, over the suspected areas while a discharge is main-... 

A procedure was developed for the determination of total and labile Cu and Fe in river surface water. It involved simultaneous solvent extraction of the metals as diethyldithio-carbamates (ddc) and tfac complexes. The complexes were extracted by isobutyl methyl ketone (ibmk) and the solution subjected to flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Variables such as pH, metal complex concentration, reaction time, ibmk volume and extraction time were optimized. Prior to the solvent extraction a microwave-assisted peroxydisulfate oxidation was used to break down the metallorganic matter complexes in the river surface waters . Trifluoroacetylacetone was used as a chelation agent for the extraction and quantitative determination of total Cr in sea water. The chelation reaction was conducted in a single aqueous phase medium. Both headspace and liquid phase extractions were studied and various detection techniques, such as capillary GC-ECD, EI-MS (electron-impact MS) and ICP-MS, were tested and compared. The LOD was 11-15 ngL Cr for all the systems examined. The method provided accurate results with EI-MS and ICP-MS, while significant bias was experienced with ECD °. ... 

Toxicity (waste code D004-D043)-Liquid wastes or extracts from waste solids that fail the Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) analytical test because they contain certain designated metals, pesticides, or organic chemicals at concentrations equal to, or in excess of, specified regulatory limits. 

In summary, the WRS and BRS produce process water, vapor to the BRS OTS, and secondary waste in the form of a solid cake for shipment to an offsite TSDF. It is planned that the BRS OTS filter cake will be analyzed for toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) organics (volatile and semivolatile constituents) and metals. In addition, the filter cake is planned to be tested for free liquids to ensure the dewatering has removed liquids in accordance with land disposal restrictions (PMACWA, 2006).25 The BRS OTS is, for the purposes of this report, identical to the BTA OTS except that there are no iron sponge absorbers or condensate pumps. The BRS OTS produces prefilter, HEPA, and charcoal filter secondary wastes. 

Ru-Sn/SiOa catalysts were prepared by the sol-gel method. The influence of the reduction procedure and modification with sodium was investigated. The properties of the chemically reduced catalysts were compared to non-reduced and sodium-modified catalysts. The influence of Ru/Sn metals ratio was also studied. Physical characterization and liquid-phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde demonstrated the high importance of the chemical reduction in the preparation of tested sol-gel catalysts. The highest selectivity to cinnamylalcohol was achieved on catalysts of 5%Ru-2.5%Sn/Si02 type (70%). Sodium modification of catalysts decreased the formation of acid catalysed side products and increased the yield of saturated aldehyde. The hydrogenation properties were dependent on Ru/Sn ratio. 

The catalyst is made by impregnating the beads with aqueous solutions of salts of some rare earth metals and of salts of the desired precious metals such as Pt, Pd and Rh these impregnated beads are then dried and calcined. The distribution of precious metals over the bead radius must be achieved with care, to balance the mass transfer requirements with the poison resistance requirements (Figs. 24-26). The distribution of the active component over the pellet radius can be measured by an Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) scan on an individual pellet. However, since in the application a relatively broad distribution in diameters occurs, special procedures have been developed to determine some kind of average distribution of the active components over the pellet radius. The most common procedure is the attrition test, in which a known mass of pellets of known diameter distribution is immersed in a liquid that neither dissolves the active components nor the carrier. The pellets are stirred for a defined time, and are separated from the attrited powder. The powder mass is determined, and its chemical composition analyzed by sensitive methods. 

---