Test Procedures and Standards

Molded graphites are usually characterized by the following properties  

The test methods for these and other useful properties are listed in Table 5.3. When appropriate, the tests are performed both Vrith the grain and perpendiculeirto (across) the grain.  

The hardness is generally measured with a Shore model C-2 Scleroscope with a specially calibrated diamond-tip hammer.f l 

Density, Porosity ANSI/NEMA CB1-1977 ANSI C-64.1 ASTM C559-79 ASTM C 2080a ASTM C819-77 

Electrical Resistivity ANSI/NEMA CB1-1977 ASTM C611-69(76) 

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Table 4. Source References for Activated Carbon Test Procedures and Standards...

These test procedures and standards are subject to change, so it is essential to keep up to date if one has to comply with them. It may be possible to obtain the latest issue on a specific test (such as a simple tensile test or a molecular weight test) by contacting the organization that issued it. For example, the ASTM issues new annual standards that include all changes. Their Annual Books of ASTM Standards contain more than seven thousand standards published in sixty-six volumes that include different materials and products. There are four volumes specifically on plastics 08.01-Plastics 1 08.02-Plastics 11 08.03-Plastics III, and 08.04-Plastic Pipe and Building Products. Other volumes include information on plastics and RPs. The complete ASTM index are listed under different categories for the different products, types of tests (by environment, chemical resistance, etc.), statistical analyses of different test data, and so on (56,128,129). 

Table 3.2. Testing procedures and standards for HDPE geomembranes within the BAM certification, see Appendix 1 ...

ASTM G 59, Practice for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements— The technique of polarization resistance testing is described. This standard conducts electrochemical testing in 1.0 N H2SO4. The apparatus, specimen preparation, and test environment are described. In addition, the equipment, electrochemical test procedure, and standard reference plots are presented. 

Corrosion testing procedures and standards established for wrought alloys are generally applicable to full dense P/M materials. They are discussed in other chapters in this section. Among the porous P/M materials, sintered stainless steels are by far the most important materials whose corrosion testing is of commercial interest [6]. Only a very limited number of reports are published on the corrosion behavior of any other types of porous P/M materials. Therefore, the following discussion will be focused principally on sintered stainless steels. Details relating to the P/M process are covered only to the extent that they are relevant to corrosion resistance. For additional information, the reader is referred to other publications [2,10,1... 

These test procedures and standards are subject to change, so it is essential to keep up to date. It may be possible to obtain the latest issue on a specific test (such as a simple... 

Military uniforms for cold environments can be designed for specific climatic conditions and physical activity using existing test procedures and standards. The thermal insulation and the water vapor resistance of the whole garment are important. A low water vapor resistance ensures sweat evaporation and results in a dry insulation layer, and thus less heat loss. The improved overall comfort ensures the mental and physical performance of the soldier in extremely cold environments. 

Essential requirements for PS-E molded parts in the construction sector, test procedures, and standardization are listed in the EPS white book [1]. 

The Federal Trade Commission has aimounced a rule, effective November 30, 1995, that sets test procedures and labeling standards for recycled oil used as engine lubricating oil (35). The test procedures used are those contained in the Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System of the American Petroleum Institute (API) (36). The rule states in effect that if recycled oils meet the requirements of the API Certification System, such oils ate substantially equivalent to new oil for use as engine oil. This federal rule preempts certain state recycled oil rules (35). 

A variety of test procedures and use guidehnes have been developed. In addition, companies or associations may develop internal standards. The Federal Register, 33 CFR, Part 154, contains the USCG requirements for detonation arresters in marine vapor control... 

Factory tests establish the pressure head, power, efficiency and NPSH over the complete flow range the pump can deliver running at design speed. British Standard, DIN standard or ANSI standard codes or national variations from such main codes lay down the manner of test procedure, and a minimum requirement is quite often defined by industry codes such as API 610. This is not the place to discuss instrument accuracy, as the codes lay down the limits possible from conventional instruments. There are two main classes of test the commercial requirements normally possible in the maker s test plant and high-accuracy tests that are only possible by using substandard instruments and very sophisticated techniques. 

Laboratory tests used in the development of inhibitors can be of various types and are often associated with a particular laboratory. Thus, in one case simple test specimens, either alone or as bimetallic couples, are immersed in inhibited solutions in a relatively simple apparatus, as illustrated in Fig. 19.34. Sometimes the test may involve heat transfer, and a simple test arrangement is shown in Fig. 19.35. Tests of these types have been described in the literatureHowever, national standards also exist for this type of test approach. BSl and ASTM documents describe laboratory test procedures and in some cases provide recommended pass or fail criteria (BS 5117 Part 2 Section 2.2 1985 BS 6580 1985 ASTM 01384 1987). Laboratory testing may involve a recirculating rig test in which the intention is to assess the performance of an inhibited coolant in the simulated flow conditions of an engine cooling system. Although test procedures have been developed (BS 5177 Part 2 Section 2.3 1985 ASTM 02570 1985), problems of reproducibility and repeatability exist, and it is difficult to quote numerical pass or fail criteria. 

Based on the test procedures and requirements detailed in relevant British Standards, to which reference should be made. 

The majority of the tests were carried out against houseflies, because they are the most commonly used insects in standard test procedures, and they are comparatively easy to rear in the laboratory. 

A number of international standards have been published which give specific test mix recipes and evaluation procedures for particular polymers. These are recorded in references 2-11 and similar British and ASTM methods also exist. These standards refer to the general test methods and standard methods of preparation which are discussed below but include additional detail relevant to the polymer in question. They also include very limited testing on the vulcanisates. The main purpose of these standards is to provide a basis for comparison and evaluation of particular polymers as regards their processing and vulcanisation characteristics their scope does not extend to the general physical properties of vulcanisates. 

The book collates the many standard methods, comments on their virtues and defects and considers procedures needed for both quality control and the generation of design data. The content owes much to the experience gained due to Rapra s position over many decades as an international centre for rubber research, as a test house with a history of developing test procedures and making a very significant contribution to national and international standardisation. The literature relating to the development and application of rubber test methods has also been reviewed. 

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