Kerosenes

Kerosene (kerosine, paraffin oil approximately boiling range 205 to 260°C, flash point approximately 25°C) is a flammable pale-yellow or colorless oily liquid with a characteristic odor. The term kerosene is also too often incorrectly applied to various fuel oils, but a fuel oil is actually any liquid or liquid petroleum product that produces heat when burned in a suitable container or that produces power when burned in an engine. 

Kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons ( C12 and higher) that was first manufactured in the 1850s from coal tar, hence the name coal oil is often applied to kerosene, but petroleum became the major source after 1859. From that time, kerosene fraction has remained a product of petroleum. However, the quantity and quality vary with the type of crude oil, and although some crude oils yield excellent kerosene quite simply, others produce kerosene that requires substantial refining. 

Kerosene is now produced from petroleum either by distillation or by cracking the less volatile portion of crude oil at atmospheric pressure and elevated temperatures. 

Kerosene is used for burning in lamps and domestic heaters or furnaces, as a fuel or fuel component for jet engines, and as a solvent for greases and insecticides. 

The kerosene fraction is essentially a distillation fraction of petroleum. The quantity and quality of the kerosene vary with the type of crude oil some crude oils yield excellent kerosene but others produce kerosene that requires substantial refining. Kerosene is a very stable product, and additives are not required to improve the quality. Apart from the removal of excessive quantities of aromatics, kerosene fractions may need only a lye (alkali) wash if hydrogen sulfide is present. 

Included in the definition of flammable solids are materials such as soil, sand, production material contaminated with flammable liquids, and firelighters combustible solids (e.g., wood, peat, cellular urea-formaldehyde resin, and compacted sawdust) that have been impregnated with a flammable liquid (usually kerosene or white spirit). When ignited, the liquid bums and propagates heat and flame to ignite, in time, the relatively less combustible solid. Firelighters are used as heat sources or to initiate the combustion of another material like coal. 

Self-reactive and related solids and liquids are those that will undergo an exothermic decomposition reaction without the need for oxygen, but without the force of an explosive. They may achieve self-accelerating decomposition 

Musk xylene syn. 5-tert-butyl-2,4,6-trinitro-m-xylene (81-15-2), is self-reactive and particularly sensitive to shock. 

Known self-reactive materials are sorted into five types (B, C, D, E, F) based on their UN Numbers. For example, 4-nitrosophenol (UN3236), which reacts violently with acids and bases, is assigned to Type D. 

Explosives may be desensitized by being wetted or diluted with other substances. Water is the most common desensitizer for example, nitrocellulose is desensitized with water, although detonation can still occur with water concentrations up to 40%. Other desensitizers include oils, alcohols, waxes, castor oil, mineral jelly, and glycols. The mixtures may form pastes and cakes. 

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Along the same lines, a distillation can be simulated by gas phase chromatography. As in a refinery, distillation in the laboratory is very often the first step to be carried out, because it gives the yields in different cuts gasoline, kerosene, etc., and makes further characterization of the cuts possible. 

Corresponding to ASTM D 86 (NF M 07-002), this method applies to gasolines, kerosenes, heating oils, and similar petroleum products. 

This analysis, abbreviated as FIA for Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption, is standardized as ASTM D 1319 and AFNOR M 07-024. It is limited to fractions whose final boiling points are lower than 315°C, i.e., applicable to gasolines and kerosenes. We mention it here because it is still the generally accepted method for the determination of olefins. 

This is the most common method. It is used for gasolines, kerosenes, gas oiis and similar products. The test is conducted at atmospheric pressure and is not recommended for gasolines having high dissolved gas contents or solvents whose cut points are close together. 

The accuracy depends on the fraction distilled it deviates particularly when determining the initial and final boiling points the average error can exceed 10°C. When calculating the ASTM D 86 curve for gasoline, it is better to use the Edmister (1948) relations. The Riazi and Edmister methods lead to very close results when they are applied to ASTM D 86 calculations for products such as gas oils and kerosene. 

It should be noted finally that adding gasoline to diesel fuel which was sometimes recommended in the past to improve cold behavior conflicts with the flash point specifications and presents a serious safety problem owing to the presence of a flammable mixture in the fuel tank airspace. Adding a kerosene that begins to boil at 150°C does not have the Scune disadvantage from this point of view. 

Dearomatized or not, lamp oils correspond to petroleum cuts between Cio and C14. Their distillation curves (less than 90% at 210°C, 65% or more at 250°C, 80% or more at 285°C) give them relatively heavy solvent properties. They are used particularly for lighting or for emergency signal lamps. These materials are similar to kerosene solvents , whose distillation curves are between 160 and 300°C and which include solvents for printing inks. 

The sulfides are chemically neutral they can have a linear or ring structure. For molecules of equal carbon number, their boiling points are higher than those of mercaptans they constitute the majority of sulfur containing hydrocarbons in the middie distillates (kerosene and gas oil). 

The presence of thiophene and its derivatives in crude oils was detected in 1899, but until 1953, the date at which the methyl-thiophenes were identified in kerosene from Agha Jari, Iran crude oil, it was believed that they came from the degradation of sulfides during refining operations. Finally, their presence was no longer doubted after the identification of benzothiophenes and their derivatives (Table 8.9), and lately of naphthenobenzothiophenes in heavy cuts. 

Cut Ught gasoline Heavy gasoline Kerosene Gas oil Residue Crude... 

These compounds can be malodorous as in the case of quinoline, or they can have a plecisant odor as does indole. They decompose on heating to give organic bases or ammonia that reduce the acidity of refining catalysts in conversion units such as reformers or crackers, and initiate gum formation in distillates (kerosene, gas oil). 

Gas Light gasoline Heavy gasoline Kerosene Gasoil Atmos, re d. 

Hydrocarbons generally have very low electrical conductivities and manipulation of these fluids creates electrostatic charges that can result in fire or explosions. This problem is encountered with gasoline and kerosene. 

Hydrocracking is the preeminent process for making high quality kerosene and diesel oil (Figure 10.10). 

In a single stage with liquid recycle, total conversion to products lighter than the feedstock is possible. The yield of kerosene plus diesel is between 70 and 73 weight %. 

Products excellent properties Kerosene smoke point 25-30 mm Diesel cetane number 55-60 Residue BMCl 15 VI 5= 125 No post-treatment... 

In regard to kerosene, the hydrotreating processes are used to reduce aromatics in order to improve the smoke point. 

Fractions treated by this process are light products from the primary distillation LPG to Kerosene, or light products from thermal and catalytic cracking (visbreaking, coking, FCC). 

The products could be classified as a function of various criteria physical properties (in particular, volatility), the way they are created (primary distillation or conversion). Nevertheless, the classification most relevant to this discussion is linked to the end product use LPG, premium gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil, medium and heavy fuels, specialty products like solvents, lubricants, and asphalts. Indeed, the product specifications are generally related to the end use. Traditionally, they have to do with specific properties octane number for premium gasoline, cetane number for diesel oil as well as overall physical properties such as density, distillation curves and viscosity. 

It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. Except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal. It is soft, easily cut with a knife, and is silvery in appearance immediately after a fresh surface is exposed. It rapidly oxidizes in air and must be preserved in a mineral oil such as kerosene. 

Strontium is softer than calcium and decomposes in water more vigorously. It does not absorb nitrogen below 380oC. It should be kept under kerosene to prevent oxidation. Freshly cut strontium has a silvery appearance, but rapidly turns a yellowish color with the formation of the oxide. The finely divided metal ignites spontaneously in air. Volatile strontium salts impart a beautiful crimson color to flames, and these salts are used in pyrotechnics and in the production of flares. Natural strontium is a mixture of four stable isotopes. 

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