Jet fuel kerosene

The exacting Hst of specification requirements for aviation gas turbine fuels and the constraints imposed by deUvering clean fuel safely from refinery to aircraft are the factors that affect the economics. Compared with other distillates such as diesel and burner fuels, kerosene jet fuels are narrow-cut specialized products, and usually command a premium price over other distillates. The prices charged for jet fuels tend to escalate with the basic price of cmde, a factor which seriously underrnined airline profits during the Persian Gulf war as cmde prices increased sharply. 

Factors in Using Kerosene Jet Fuel of Reduced Flash Point, AFTM. STP 688, American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1979. 

Middle Distillates Lower volatility distillates including diesel fuel, kerosene, jet fuels, and lighter fuel oils. 

Figure 1 shows a simplified flow plan for a typical hydroskimming refinery. The atmospheric pipestill performs the initial distillation of crude oil into gas, naphtha, distillates, and residuum. The naphtha may be separated into gasoline blending stock, solvents, and Powerformer feed. The distillates include kerosene, jet fuel, heating oil and diesel oil. The residuum is blended for use as bunker fuel oil. 

Purification of industrial oils, kerosene/jet fuel, lubricating oils Mono- dicumyldiphenylamine Mono- dioctyldiphenylamine Dimer fatty acids Purification of xylenes Improvement of bromine number of recycle cumene in phenol plants Improvement of bromine number of recycle ethylbenzene in styrene plants based on liquid pha.se oxidation Alkylation of xylenes with diisobutylenes to mono-/ rr-butyI derivatives Phenyl xylyl ethane... 

C (400 to 655°F) middle distillates, including kerosene, jet fuel, heating oil, and diesel fuel. 

The term white distillate is applied to all the refinery streams with a distillation range between approximately 80 and 360°C (175 to 680°F) at atmospheric pressure and with properties similar to the corresponding straight-run distillate from atmospheric crude distillation. Light distillate products (i.e., naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel fuel, and heating oil) are all manufactured by appropriate blending of white distillate streams. 

Drying and sweetening is a broad class of processes used to remove sulfur compounds, water, and other impurities from gasohne, kerosene, jet fuels, domestic heating oils, and other middle... 

Hindered phenol and phenylenediamine (PDA) compounds are commonly used and quite effective at preventing free-radical oxidative degradation of fuel. They can be used in gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, and certain distillates and lubricants. Often, a synergistic effect can be obtained by using a combination of a hindered phenol and a phenylenediamine antioxidant in the same application. 

The saturates remain the major component in the mid-distillate fractions of petroleum but aromatics, which now include simple compounds with up to three aromatic rings, and heterocyclic compounds are present and represent a larger portion of the total. Kerosene, jet fuel and diesel fuel are all derived from middle distillate fractions and can also be obtained from cracked and hydropro-cessed refinery streams. 

As discussed previously, the highest severity operation (about 3000 SCF/bbl hydrogen consumption) produces specification kerosene jet fuel and naphtha suitable for single-stage reforming. 

Feeds and Products, Barrels per Calendar Day Refinery Input High Severity Hydrotreating Catalytic Reforming Hydrogen Manufacture Recovery and Sulfur Plant Refinery Fuel Motor Gasoline Kerosene Jet Fuel By- Products... 

Desired Products Kerosene Jet Fuel Motor Gasoline Plus No. 2 Oil... 

Whereas worldwide demand for gasoline is expected to remain more or less constant, demand for middle distillates (diesel, kerosene, jet fuel) is expected to increase. Resid cracking to yield gasoline does not always lead to favorable economics. Making middistillates from resid however, may offer interesting opportunities. 

Cg—C16 The nonanes (C9) through about the hexadecanes (C19) are higher-boiling liquids that are somewhat viscous. These alkanes are used in kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel fuel. Kerosene, the lowest-boiling of these fuels, was once widely available but is now harder to find. It is less volatile than gasoline and less prone to forming explosive mixtures. Kerosene was used in kerosene lamps and heaters, which use wicks to allow this heavier fuel to burn. Jet fuel is similar to kerosene, but more highly refined and less odorous. 

Kerosene/jet fuels C]],C]2 Diesel fuels, jet fuels, illuminating and stove oils, light fuel oils 8-9 9-11 4-8... 

Catalytic cracking Faujasite Gasoline, fuel oil Kerosene, jet fuel... 

PAHs occur in petroleum products such as kerosene, jet fuel, fuel oils, diesel, engine oils and petrochemical waste. The other major source is from coal derived products, particularly manufacturing gas plants, cooking operations and wood preserving sites. PAHs are introduced into the environment as a product of natural and incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. 

Jet fuel is kerosene-based aviation fuel. It is medium distillate used for aviation turbine power units and usually has the same distillation characteristics and flash point as kerosene. Jet fuels are manufactured predominately from straight-run kerosene or kerosene-naphtha blends in the case of wide cut fuels that are produced from the atmospheric distillation of crude oil. Jet fuels are similar in gross composition, with many of the differences in them attributable to additives designed to control some fuel parameters such as freeze and pour point characteristics. For example, the chromatogram (Figure 27.4) of a commercial jet fuel (Jet A) is dominated by GC-resolved n-alkanes in a narrow range of n-C-j to n-Cig with maximum being around n-Ci. The UCM is well dehned. 

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