Viscosity kerosene

Changes in the chemical composition of the kerosene during volatilization also affect the physical properties of this petroleum product. Table 16.8 summarizes the effect of volatilization on kerosene viscosity, surface tension, and density when 20%, 40%, and 60% of the initial amount has been removed by the partial transfer of light hydrocarbon fractions to the atmosphere. Only the liquid viscosity is affected, with volatilization having a negligible effect on the density and surface tension of the kerosene. 

Norpar 13 were found to be too unstable for practical use. However, multiple emulsions of liquid paraffin (222 cP) prepared by Panchal et al (25) were less stable than those prepared with kerosene (viscosity 15 cPj, stability being measured by loss of internal aqueous phase. 

To determine the effect of the properties of liquids on oil recovery, tests were carried out using low viscosity products. In this case a gassed kerosene served as the liquid. Its gas content was the same as the gas content of the crude oil. According to the results, only 37% of the kerosene by volume has been displaced from the reservoir model although the kerosene viscosity under the conditions of the experiment was 100 times smaller than the viscosity of the crude oil. The rate of pressure reduction had no effect on oil recovery from the bed. 

The products could be classified as a function of various criteria physical properties (in particular, volatility), the way they are created (primary distillation or conversion). Nevertheless, the classification most relevant to this discussion is linked to the end product use LPG, premium gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil, medium and heavy fuels, specialty products like solvents, lubricants, and asphalts. Indeed, the product specifications are generally related to the end use. Traditionally, they have to do with specific properties octane number for premium gasoline, cetane number for diesel oil as well as overall physical properties such as density, distillation curves and viscosity. 

Liquid fuels for ground-based gas turbines are best defined today by ASTM Specification D2880. Table 4 Hsts the detailed requirements for five grades which cover the volatility range from naphtha to residual fuel. The grades differ primarily in basic properties related to volatility eg, distillation, flash point, and density of No. 1 GT and No. 2 GT fuels correspond to similar properties of kerosene and diesel fuel respectively. These properties are not limited for No. 0 GT fuel, which allows naphthas and wide-cut distillates. For heavier fuels. No. 3 GT and No. 4 GT, the properties that must be limited are viscosity and trace metals. 

Tank settling as a means of contaminant removal is not very efficient with fuels having the viscosity of kerosene. It is common practice to design tanks with cone-down drains and floating suctions to facilitate water and solids removal. 

The increase in fuel viscosity with temperature decrease is shown for several fuels in Figure 9. The departure from linearity as temperatures approach the pour point illustrates the non-Newtonian behavior created by wax matrices. The freezing point appears before the curves depart from linearity. It is apparent that the low temperature properties of fuel are closely related to its distillation range as well as to hydrocarbon composition. Wide-cut fuels have lower viscosities and freezing points than kerosenes, whereas heavier fuels used in ground turbines exhibit much higher viscosities and freezing points. 

Other important properties include Hash point, volatility, viscosity, specific gravity, cloud point, pour point, and smoke point. Most of these properties are related directly to the boiling range of the kerosene and are not independently variable. The flash point, an index of fire hazard, measures the readiness of a fuel to ignite when exposed to a flame. It is usually mandated by law or government regulation to be 120° or 130° F (48° or 72° C), Volatility, as measured... 

A copolymer of N,N-dimethylacrylamide and N,N-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, a monocarboxylic acid, and ethanolamine may serve to increase the viscosity of diesel or kerosene [846]. 

The draft-tube airlift bioreactor was studied using water-in-kerosene microemulsions [263], The effect of draft tube area vs. the top-section area on various parameters was studied. The effect of gas flow rates on recirculation and gas carry over due to incomplete gas disengagement were studied [264], Additionally, the effect of riser to downcomer volume was also studied. The effect of W/O ratio and viscosity was tested on gas hold-up and mass transfer coefficient [265], One limitation of these studies was the use of plain water as the aqueous phase in the cold model. The absence of biocatalyst or any fermentation broth from the experiments makes these results of little value. The effect of the parameters studied will greatly depend on the change in viscosity, hold-up, phase distribution caused due to the presence of biocatalyst, such as IGTS8, due to production of biosurfactants, etc., by the biocatalyst. Thus, further work including biocatalyst is necessary to truly assess the utility of the draft-tube airlift bioreactor for biodesulfurization. 

Derived from spray data for water, kerosene, and special solutions of high viscosities with 3... 

For practical purposes, saturated flow of a single fluid such as gasoline, kerosene, or another particular petroleum product can be predicted by the use of these equations. Standard units of linear measurement (feet, meters, etc.) and discharge are accommodated for by the corrections for viscosity and density. Field-testing procedures can be conducted using standard water well testing procedures. 

Important applications of liquid-liquid extraction include the separation of aromatics from kerosene-based fuel oils to improve their burning qualities and the separation of aromatics from paraffin and naphthenic compounds to improve the temperature-viscosity characteristics of lubricating oils. It may also be used to obtain, for example, relatively... 

Diesel-like products (jet fuel, diesel. No. 2 fuel oil, kerosene) are moderately volatile products that can evaporate with no residue. They have a low-to-moderate viscosity, spread rapidly into thin slicks, and form stable emulsions. They have a moderate-to-high (usually, high) toxicity to biota, and the specific toxicity is often related to type and concentration of aromatic compounds. They have the ability to penetrate substrate, but fresh (unoxidized) spills are nonadhesive. 

Gas-oil a petroleum distillate with a viscosity and distillation range intermediate between those of kerosene and light lubricating oil. 

Fig. 12.13 Kerosene conductivity as affected by (A) viscosity and (B) soil moisture content, (after Gerstl et al. 1994)...

Jarsjo J, Destouni G, Yaron B (1994) Retention and volatilization of kerosene Laboratory experiments on glacial and post glacial sods. J Contam Hydrol 17 167-185 Jarsjo J, Destouni G, Yaron B (1997) On the relation between viscosity and hydraulic conductivity values for volatile organic liquid mixtures in soils. J Contam Hydrol 25 113-127 Jensen JL, Hashtroudi H (1976) Base-catalyzed hydration of a, 3-unsaturated ketones. J Organic Chem 41 3299-3302... 

Effective atomization plays an important role in efficient combustion as well as in influencing the pattern factor. Atomization of kerosene with steam rather than with air as the atomization fluid is presented by Ashwani Gupta, of the University of Maryland, and his colleagues using a commercially available air-assist atomizer. The results suggest that, because of the higher viscosity of... 

These results indicate that the enthalpy associated with air (and also steam) has an effect on the resulting droplet size. A larger droplet size with preheated air than steam reveals that there must be effects other than just the enthalpy associated with steam. Some of the possible factors include viscosity and density differences between the gases, and that water contained in steam may become miscible under these conditions. In this case, the large differences in the boiling points between the two fluids (water and kerosene) may lead to disruptive breakup of the liquid fuel, even at 10 mm, via rapid heat transfer from the flame. 

Kerosene and gasoline are pumped successively at 1.1 m/s through a 25.5-cm ID pipeline 1000 km long. Calculate the 5/95%-95/5% contaminated width at the exit of the pipe given that the kinematic viscosity for the 50/ 50% mixture is... 

Kerosene is a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthenes (cycloalkanes) and other organic compounds. Systemic absorption from the lungs or stomach can cause central nervous system depression. The oil has a low surface tension and low viscosity so that small quantities can spread over a large surface area. This can affect the lungs, and... 

The Ferret is recommended for liquids with kinematic viscosities greater than or equal to 4 centistokes (cst) at 55°F. Compatible liquids include fresh gasoline, JP4, JP5, kerosene, diesel... 

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