Smoke point kerosene

Products excellent properties Kerosene smoke point 25-30 mm Diesel cetane number 55-60 Residue BMCl 15 VI 5= 125 No post-treatment... 

For the saturation of aromatics in a hydrotreating or hydrocracking unit, equilibrium effects, which favor formation of aromatics, start to overcome kinetic effects above a certain temperature. This causes a temperature-dependent aromatics cross-over effect, which explains the degradation of important middle distillate product properties—including kerosene smoke point and diesel cetane number—at high process temperatures near the end of catalyst cycles. The cross-over temperature is affected by feed quality and hydrogen partial pressure, so it can differ from unit to unit. 

The saturation cross-over temperature - above which the N/A ratio of the full-range product starts to decrease - depends on feed composition, catalyst type, and reaction conditions H2 partial pressure is especially important. This phenomenon, illustrated by Figure 4, affects important product properties, such as kerosene smoke point and diesel cetane. 

In regard to kerosene, the hydrotreating processes are used to reduce aromatics in order to improve the smoke point. 

Conventional Hydrofining of diesel oils does not improve octane number because octane number improvement, like smoke point improvement in kerosenes, requires samration of aromatics. Higher pressures are needed to gain appreciable aromatics samration and cetane number improvement. 

Other important properties include Hash point, volatility, viscosity, specific gravity, cloud point, pour point, and smoke point. Most of these properties are related directly to the boiling range of the kerosene and are not independently variable. The flash point, an index of fire hazard, measures the readiness of a fuel to ignite when exposed to a flame. It is usually mandated by law or government regulation to be 120° or 130° F (48° or 72° C), Volatility, as measured... 

In addition to CN and ON, the smoke point (SP), which is the maximum smoke-free laminar diffusion flame height, has been employed widely to evaluate the tendency of different fuels to form soot. This tool was first applied to kerosenes, later diesel, and then jet engine fuels.19,20 Researchers have tried to relate smoke points of pure compounds to their molecular structure. It was found that the inverse of smoke point, which measures the potential of a fuel to form soot, increases from n-paraffins to iso-paraffins to alkylbenzenes to naphthalenes.21,22 Since smoke points vary with experimental conditions, the concept of a threshold soot index (TSI), which is calculated from the smoke point, molecular weight, and experimental constants, has been used to compare the soot-formation tendencies of different fuel molecules.23... 

Will cause a reduction in the smoke point of kerosene... 

Smoke Point A measurement of the burning quality of jet fuel, kerosene, and lamp oils. This value is determined by ASTM D-1322. 

Kerosene can vary widely in its burning quality as measured by carbon deposition, smoke formation, and flame radiation. This is a function of hydrocarbon composition—paraffins have excellent burning properties, in contrast to those of the aromatics (particularly the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons). As a control measure the smoke point test (ASTM D-1322, IP 57) gives the maximum smokeless flame height in millimeters at which the fuel will burn in a wick-fed lamp under prescribed conditions. The combustion performance of wide-cut fuels correlates well with smoke point when a fuel volatility factor is included, because carbon formation tends to increase with boiling point. A minimum smoke volatility index (SVI) value is specified and is defined as ... 

TTie smoke point test (ASTM D-1322, IP 57), originally developed for kerosene, is conducted with an enclosed wick-fed lamp suitably vented and illuminated to permit detection of vapors. The oil is carefully heated under specified conditions until the first consistent appearance of vapors is detected. The temperature of the oil at that time is recorded as the smoke point. If necessary, this test can be adapted for use with mineral oil. The character of the flame is an indicator of the aromatics content. 

Smoke point a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosene and an indication... 

Jet fuel with a high smoke point is not desirable. (The smoke point is the flame height under specified conditions at which a kerosene lamp begins to smoke. A high value indicates low smoke producing tendency.) Generally, the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame is. Thus, aromatics are extracted by N-methyl-2-pyrrohdone or ethylene glycol. 

Oil seepages on the surface were the early sources of crude oil. Kerosene was initially used primarily for lamps. Today, it is generally used for heating as space heaters, where a catalytic surface maintains a hot radiating source of heat. In cotmtries where electricity is expensive, e.g., Japan and Israel, it is not uncommon to see such appliance heaters in homes and offices. Such open flames are sufficiently hot to produce NOx as well as some hydrocarbon products which are readily detected by their odor. The main characteristics of a domestic grade of kerosene, which bums on a catalytic surface, are low sulfur and controlled smoke point and volatility. 

The measurement of smoke point goes back to the days when the primary use for kerosene was to fuel lamps. To get more light from a kerosene lamp, you could turn a little knob to adjust the wick. But if the flame got too high, it gave off smoke. Even today, per ASTM D1322, smoke point is the maximum height of flame that can be achieved with calibrated wick-fed lamp, using a wick of woven solid circular cotton of ordinary quality. ... 

Hydrogen partial pressure has an impact on the saturation of aromatics. A decrease in system pressure or recycle gas purity has a sharp effect on the product aromatic content. This will be especially true for kerosene aromatic content, which will in turn affect the kerosene product smoke points. 

Middle distillates such as diesel fuel, kerosene, jet fuel, domestic heating oil, and other gas oils, to remove sulfur for enviromnental reasons. Hydrotreating is also used to increase the smoke point or cetane number by hydrogenating aromatic components. 

Although the Institute of Petroleum (British) smoke test is not usually specified in the United States, it is used widely throughout the world. The smoke point is the height in millimeters of the fiame that can be produced in a standard lamp without causing smoking. Mid Continent kerosene exhibits a smoke point of 21 to 24, and the smoke point of these materials is raised to mdre than 30 by acid treating. A smoke point of 17 is satisfactory for most world trade. 

Smoke Volatility Index is thought to be significant but it has not been completely investigated. The relationship between smoke point and Characterization Factor appears to be much the same (slightly lower smoke points) as that shown for kerosene in Table 4-21, but the variations are larger. Scant information on the weight of carbon deposits in one type of reactor indicates the following ... 

Catalytically desulfurized distillates or kerosene from West Texas raw stocks have smoke points that are a direct function of per cent hydrogen (smoke point == 25.5H — 317), and severe treatment results in a smoke point of 48. 

Tablb 4-21. Approximatb Smoke Points as a Function op Other Common Tests or Properties for Kerosene Stocks Having a Mid oiling Point of 437"F ... 

The process has been applied to kerosene to improve the smoke point and for desulfurization. It is applied to selected naphthas for the recovery of high-octane-number blending stocks and for the recovery of lacquer diluents (aromatic hydrocarbons). Diesel fuels of high Diesel Index and ignition quality can be made from selected gas oils. 

Kerosene.sulfur below 0.13% smoke point above 17 gravity above... 

Kerosene or sometimes referred to as Fuel Oil 1 is a refined petroleum distillate. Kerosenes usually have flash points within the range of 37.8 °C to 54.4 °C (100 °F to 130 °F). Therefore unless heated, kerosene will usually not produce ignitable mixtures over its surface. In atmospheric burning smoke production normally occurs. It is commonly used as a fuel and a solvent. In some applications it is treated with sulfuric acid to reduce the content of aromatics, which bum with a smoky flame. 

---