Aromatics content kerosene

Petroleum and Petrochemical Processes. The first large-scale appHcation of extraction was the removal of aromatics from kerosene [8008-20-6J to improve its burning properties. Jet fuel kerosene and lubricating oil, which requite alow aromatics content (see Aviation and OTHER gas... 

Pure parathion is a pale yellow, practically odorless oil, which crystallizes in long white needles melting at 6.0° C. (17). It is soluble in organic solvents, except kerosenes of low aromatic content, and is only slightly soluble in water (15 to 20 p.p.m. at 20° to 25° C.). Peck (35) measured its rate of hydrolysis to diethyl thiophosphate and nitro-phenate ions in alkaline solutions. He found that the reaction kinetics are first order with respect to the ester and to hydroxyl ion. In normal sulfuric acid the rate of hydrolysis was the same as in distilled water. Peck concluded that hydrolysis takes place by two mechanisms—a reaction catalyzed by hydroxyl ions and an independent uncatalyzed reaction with water. He calculated that at a pH below 10 the time for 50% hydrolysis at 25° C. is 120 days in the presence of saturated lime water the time is 8 hours. The over-all velocity constant at 25° C. is k = 0.047 [OH-] + 4 X 10-6 min.-1... 

Benzene is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinct, sweet odor. It burns with a smolcy flame, as do other hydrocarbons with high aromatic concent. (That s why kerosenes with high aromatic content do not make good jet fuel or burning grade kerosene—too much black smoke.) Benzene is only slightly soluble, in water. 

Dilute with lower-viscosity kerosene having a higher paraffin/lower aromatic content. 

The aromatics content of kerosene can also be determined by a test method (ASTM D-5186) in which a small aliquot of the sample is injected onto a packed silica adsorption column and eluted with supercritical carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. Mono- and polynuclear aromatics in the sample are separated from nonaromatics and detected with a flame ionization detector. The chromatographic areas corresponding to the mono- and polynuclear and nonaromatic components are determined, and the mass percent content of each of these groups is calculated by area normalization. The results obtained by this method are at least statistically more precise than those obtained by other test methods (ASTM D-1319, ASTM D-2425). 

In yet another test method for the determination of aniline, point and mixed aniline point (ASTM D-611, IP 2), the proportions of the various hydrocarbon constituents of kerosene can be determined. This test is most often used to estimate the aromatic content of kerosene. Aromatic compounds exhibit the lowest aniline points and paraffin compounds have the highest aniline points, with cycloparaffins (naphthenes) and olefins having aniline points between the two extremes. In any homologous series the aniline point increases with increasing molecular weight. 

TTie smoke point test (ASTM D-1322, IP 57), originally developed for kerosene, is conducted with an enclosed wick-fed lamp suitably vented and illuminated to permit detection of vapors. The oil is carefully heated under specified conditions until the first consistent appearance of vapors is detected. The temperature of the oil at that time is recorded as the smoke point. If necessary, this test can be adapted for use with mineral oil. The character of the flame is an indicator of the aromatics content. 

Kerosene, a heavy aromatic naphtha, or petroleum products with a high aromatic content such as Amsco G , Solvesso 100 , etc., have been used as diluents. A small proportion of a long chain alcohol such as tridecanol, or nonanol, is sometimes added also, to increase the solubility, in the case of amine solvents. It is also claimed to improve aqueous-solvent phase separation. 0 T M amine and 2 3 per cent alcohol are typical concentrations. 

Hydrogen partial pressure has an impact on the saturation of aromatics. A decrease in system pressure or recycle gas purity has a sharp effect on the product aromatic content. This will be especially true for kerosene aromatic content, which will in turn affect the kerosene product smoke points. 

The significance of the total sulfur content of kerosene varies greatly with the type of oil and the use to which it is put. Sulfur content is of great importance when the kerosene to be burned produces sulfur oxides, which are of environmental concern. The color of kerosene is of Htde significance but a product darker than usual may have resulted from contamination or aging in fact, a color darker than specified may be considered by some users as unsatisfactory. Kerosene, because of its use as a burning oil, must be free of aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons the desirable constituents of kerosene are saturated hydrocarbons. 

Kerosene or sometimes referred to as Fuel Oil 1 is a refined petroleum distillate. Kerosenes usually have flash points within the range of 37.8 °C to 54.4 °C (100 °F to 130 °F). Therefore unless heated, kerosene will usually not produce ignitable mixtures over its surface. In atmospheric burning smoke production normally occurs. It is commonly used as a fuel and a solvent. In some applications it is treated with sulfuric acid to reduce the content of aromatics, which bum with a smoky flame. 

Carbon formation is also different for diesel and gasoline. The long chain hydrocarbons present in diesel or kerosene fuel are more difficult to reform than the shorter chain hydrocarbons present in gasoline, while aromatics in gasoline hinder the overall reaction rate. An example is found in the results of Ming et who showed that SR of n-Ci required a higher steam/ carbon ratio to avoid coke formation than i-Cg. The cetane number of the feed had little effect on carbon formation. Carbon formation can often be attributed to fuel pyrolysis that takes place when the diesel fuel is vaporized. This is considerably decreased when the steam content in feed increases. 

According to the increase of PS content in HDPE and PS mixture, in Eigure 5.15 the fraction of gasoline components in the liquid products was increased from about 85 wt% (pure HDPE) to about 98 wt% (pure PS) and the rest was kerosene + disel (C13-C24). No heavy oil (> 24) was detected. In the catalytic degradation of pure HDPE without PS, the major product was olefin components whereas the paraffin products as well as the aromatic and naphthene products with a cyclic structure were minor products. According as PS content in the reactant increased from 0 to 20 wt%, the fraction of paraffin... 

Burning oil kerosene contains three main types of hydrocarbons— paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic— with a preponderance of the paraffinic type. This is in contrast to power kerosene, or tractor vaporizing oil, which has a comparatively high content of aromatics and naphthenes favorable for high octane rating. It may also contain slight amounts of sulfur in the form of a variety of organic compounds. 

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