Kerosene dispersions

Fig. 10.18. Hold-up in a perforated-plate tower (2). Kerosene dispersed, Ud continuous.

Soluble in aromatic solvent and kerosene. Dispersible in water. 

For appendixes it is interesting to compare the parameters of a homogeneous (gas) cloud and a heterogeneous two-phase (gas + spray liquid) cloud detonation. Based on experimental data [20, 27], at the detonation of a cloud of motor fuel (benzine, kerosene) dispersed in air blast waves of amplitude... 

Fig. 16. Two-hquid flotation flow sheet (39). The original ROM is kaolin (white clay) that contains 11% impurity in the form of mica, anatase, and siUca. Treatment produces high purity kaolin and a Ti02-rich fraction. A, Kaolin stockpile D, dispersant (sodium siUcate plus alkah) W, water K, kerosene C, collector (sodium oleate) RK, recycled kerosene S, screen M, inline mixer SPR, separator CFG, centrifuge P, product and T, to waste.

Sodium Dispersions. Sodium is easily dispersed in inert hydrocarbons (qv), eg, white oil or kerosene, by agitation, or using a homogenizing device. Addition of oleic acid and other long-chain fatty acids, higher alcohols and esters, and some finely divided soHds, eg, carbon or bentonite, accelerate dispersion and produce finer (1—20 -lm) particles. Above 98°C the sodium is present as Hquid spheres. On cooling to lower temperatures, soHd spheres of sodium remain dispersed in the hydrocarbon and present an extended surface for reaction. Dispersions may contain as much as 50 wt % sodium. Sodium in this form is easily handled and reacts rapidly. For some purposes the presence of the inert hydrocarbon is a disadvantage. 

Glaser and Lichtenstein (G3) measured the liquid residence-time distribution for cocurrent downward flow of gas and liquid in columns of -in., 2-in., and 1-ft diameter packed with porous or nonporous -pg-in. or -in. cylindrical packings. The fluid media were an aqueous calcium chloride solution and air in one series of experiments and kerosene and hydrogen in another. Pulses of radioactive tracer (carbon-12, phosphorous-32, or rubi-dium-86) were injected outside the column, and the effluent concentration measured by Geiger counter. Axial dispersion was characterized by variability (defined as the standard deviation of residence time divided by the average residence time), and corrections for end effects were included in the analysis. The experiments indicate no effect of bed diameter upon variability. For a packed bed of porous particles, variability was found to consist of three components (1) Variability due to bulk flow through the bed... 

Sedimentation Volumes of Carbon Black Dispersions in Kerosene (14)... 

Figure 1A. Sedimentation volume of 10 W% dispersions of carbon black in odorless kerosene as a function of 0L0A-1200 content and agitation time. Sedimentation time was 2A hours. Reproduced with permission from Ref. (1A). Copyright 1983, Elsevier Science Publishers.

Formulations of chlorpyrifos include emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, granules, pellets, microencapsulates, and impregnated materials. Suggested diluents for concentrates include water and petroleum distillates, such as kerosene and diesel oil. Carrier compounds include synthetic clays with alkyl/aryl sulfonates as wetting agents (Table 14.1). Little information is available to assess the influence of various use formulations on toxicity, dispersal, decomposition, and bioavailability. Chemical and other properties of chlorpyrifos are summarized in Table 14.2 and Figure 14.1. 

An emulsifiable concentrate is prepared from pesticides that are soluble in common organic solvents, such as xylene and kerosene. Using emulsifiers in the composition causes the formulation to disperse into small particles, called an emulsion, when diluted in water. 

The general method of procedure was to disperse a known volume pf parafl n in water with the aid of the soap. The average diameter of the kerosene emulsion droplets was determined by counting with the aid of a microscope and hemacytometer, from which the total interfacial area could be calculated. 

Naphtha Various volatile and often flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixtures used as solvents and diluents consists mainly of hydrocarbons with higher boiling point than gasolines and lower boiling point than kerosene principal component of chemical dispersants used prior to 1970. Naphthenes Class of hydrocarbons with similar physical and chemical properties to alkanes insoluble in water, generally boil at 10-20°C higher than corresponding carbon number alkanes. Narcosis Stupor or unconsciousness produced by chemical substances. 

The detection of water in some organic liquids is of considerable importance, e.g. both antifreeze (ethylene glycol) and aviation fuel (kerosene) should contain as little water as possible. Such materials can be monitored for water content by the use of non-dispersive infra-red techniques or turbidimeters (Section 6.8.1). 

Foam films and a foam from the aqueous and organic phases of an extraction system containing a 30% solution of tri-buthyl phosphate (TBP) in kerosene and nitric acid (1 mol dm 3) have been studied in a parallel mode [137]. The reasons for foaming and the effect of emulsion formation on foam stability were elucidated. Thus, a foam with a measurable lifetime was obtained when TBP was in concentration of 0.8 mol dm 3 which corresponded to the concentration of black spot formation. When the volume ratio of the organic to the aqueous phase was 1 5, the foam formed in the system was stabilised additionally by a highly disperse O/W emulsion. This was due to the reduced rate of drainage. These results are confirmed by the experimental data acquired with a specially constructed centrifugal extractor [136]. It makes it possible to perform an extraction process under conditions close to those in industry. 

At a certain volume ratio between the phases, the dispersed phase is converted into the continuous phase and vice versa. In the water/kerosene/polyethoxylated sorbitan monostearate system, when this phenomenon, which is known as phase inversion , occurs identical volumes of both phases are used to obtain o/w emulsions with an US horn at 20 kHz [51]. 

The emulsification efficiency can be increased by increasing surfactant concentration in the medium in fact, emulsion droplets find it difficult to disperse and tend to grow large at low concentrations of surfactant. Figure 6.12C shows the variation of droplet size (expressed as the Sauter diameter, 0/3 2) in a w/o water-in-kerosene emulsion at variable... 

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