Kerosene and Jet Fuel

Heavy oil, ie, grade nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oils light oils, ie, no. 2 heating oil, kerosene, and jet fuel and petroleum coke are deflvered at... 

Economic analysis performed for refineries in certain markets have calculated that the benefit of being able to increase kerosene and jet fuel production yield was an improvement of 3-6 cents per barrel over previous operational conditions. On an 180000 barrel per day crude unit this equates to a benefit of 2000000-4000000 per year. Several other refiners are utilizing NMR analyzers on the feed and products of crude units for control and optimization, AGIP has an NMR analyzer for monitoring the feed. 

Diesel range organics (including kerosene and jet fuel) — Extraction with methylene chloride or an appropriate solvent and analysis by GC-FID. 

Hydroprocesses use the principle that the presence of hydrogen during a thermal reaction of a petroleum feedstock will terminate many of the coke-forming reactions and enhance the yields of the lower-hoiling components such as gasoline, kerosene, and jet fuel. 

Mixtures constitute a category of solvents produced by distillation and cracking of petroleum. The group includes gasoline, petroleum ether, rubber solvent, petroleum naphtha, mineral spirits, white spirits, Stoddard solvent, kerosene, and jet fuels (Lilis 1992). Gasolines are mixtures of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and antiknock additives. 

A study of this process was begun under an IGT-supported basic research project. After a detailed study of the thermodynamics of the process, experiments were conducted with high purity hexane, octane, and benzene, as well as commercial propane, naphtha, kerosene, and jet fuel. 

The third fraction is composed of hydrocarbons of 12 to 16 carbon atoms in the boiling range of 150 to 275 degrees Celsius. This fraction is used as kerosene and jet fuel. In the next section, I tell you how this fraction is also used to make additional gasoline. 

Distillation is widely used in the petroleum and chemical industries. A sophisticated distillation apparatus is used to separate the numerous organic components of crude oil, including petroleum ether, gasoline, kerosene, and jet fuel fractions. This requires fractional distillation, in which part of the v q)or recondenses in a fractionatii column that would be mounted vertically on top of the distillation flask in the apparatus shown in Figure 2.11. The most-volatile components enter into the condenser and are condensed back to liquid products less-volatile liquid constituents return to the distillation flask. The net effect is that of numerous distillations, which gives a very efficient separation. 

Large numbers of products are obtained from petroleum liquefied gases (propane + butane), benzine and its fractions, kerosene and jet fuel, diesel oil - light one (winter) and heavy one (summer), mazut, gas-oil, lubricant fractions, and tar. 

Merox process A catalytic process used in petroleum refineries to remove mercaptans from LPG, propane, butane, naphtha, kerosene, and jet fuel by oxidation to form hydrocarbon disulphides. An abbreviation of mercaptan oxidation, the process uses an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and a water-soluble catalyst to remove the foul-smelling mercaptans. 

The freeze point is the temperature at which the hydrocarbon liquid solidifies at atmospheric pressure. It s an important property for kerosene and jet fuels, because of the very low temperatures encountered at high altitudes in jet planes. One of the standard test methods for the freeze point is ASTM D4790. 

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