Specific gravity kerosene

To use the Pipe Friction Manual chart, compute the velocity of the liquid in the pipe by converting the flow rate to cubic feet per second. Since there are 42 gal/bbl and 1 gal = 0.13368 ft3, 1 bbl = (42)(0.13368) = 5.6 ft3. With a flow rate of 500 bbl/h, the equivalent flow in ft3 = (500)(5.6) = 2800 ft3/h, or 2800/3600 s/h = 0.778 ft3/s. Since 6-in schedule 40 pipe has a cross-sectional area of 0.2006 ft2 internally, the liquid velocity, in ft/s, equals 0.778/0.2006 = 3.88 ft/s. Then, the product (velocity, ft/s)(internal diameter, in) = (3.88)(6.065) = 23.75. In the Pipe Friction Manual, project horizontally from the kerosene specific-gravity curve to the vd product of 23.75 and read the Reynolds number as 61,900, as before. In general, the Reynolds number can be found faster by computing it using the appropriate relation given in Table 6.1, unless the flow velocity is already known. 

Petroleum or mineral oil (kerosene, etc.) are less soluble in alcohol than most oils. They have a low specific gravity and refractive index, and are not saponified by alcoholic potash. The lower boiling fractions can usually be detected by their odour, and the higher boiling fractions remain in the residue on fractional distillation. They are unaffected by fuming nitric acid. 

Other important properties include Hash point, volatility, viscosity, specific gravity, cloud point, pour point, and smoke point. Most of these properties are related directly to the boiling range of the kerosene and are not independently variable. The flash point, an index of fire hazard, measures the readiness of a fuel to ignite when exposed to a flame. It is usually mandated by law or government regulation to be 120° or 130° F (48° or 72° C), Volatility, as measured... 

In cold-temperature environments and during winter months, fuel refiners and marketers will often blend kerosene or 1 diesel fuel into 2 diesel fuel to help combat the problems associated with paraffin wax in fuel. This technique is effective to a limited extent due to the reduction in fuel BTU and specific-gravity values by these lighter fuels. 

Commercial value of a petroleum liquid can be estimated quickly through measurement of the following physical characteristics . specific gravity, gasoline and kerosene content, sulfur content, asphalt content, pour point, and cloud point. 

Figure 14.5. Representation of solvent extraction behavior in terms of certain properties rather than direct compositions [Dunstan et aL, Sci. Pet., 1825-1855 (1938)]. (a) Behavior of a naphthenic distillate of VGC = 0.874 with nitrobenzene at 10°C. The viscosity-gravity constant is low for paraffins and high for naphthenes, (b) Behavior of a kerosene with 95% ethanol at 17°C. The aniline point is low for aromatics and naphthenes and high for paraffins, (c) Behavior of a dewaxed crude oil with liquid propane at 70°F, with composition expressed in terms of specific gravity.

Related Calculations. For liquids heavier than water, S = 145/(145— Be). When the SSU viscosity is greater than 100 s, k = 0.220 SSU — 135/SSU. Use these relations for any liquid—brine, gasoline, crude oil, kerosene, Bunker C, diesel oil, etc. Consult the Pipe Friction Manual and King and Crocker—Piping Handbook for tabulations of typical viscosities and specific gravities of various liquids. 

What is the pressure drop in a 5000-ft-long 6-in oil pipe conveying 500 bbl/h (0.022 m3/s) kerosene having a specific gravity of 0.813 at 65° F, which is the temperature of the liquid in the pipe The pipe is schedule 40 steel. 

Determine the kinematic viscosity of the oil Use Fig. 6.1 and Table 6.2 or the Hydraulic Institute—Pipe Friction Manual kinematic viscosity and Reynolds number chart to determine the kinematic viscosity of the liquid. Enter Table 6.2 at kerosene and find the coordinates as X = 10.2, Y = 16.9. Using these coordinates, enter Fig. 6.1 and find the absolute viscosity of kerosene at 65°F as 2.4 cP. Using the method of Example 6.2, the kinematic viscosity, in cSt, equals absolute viscosity, cP/specific gravity of the liquid = 2.4/0.813 = 2.95 cSt. This value agrees closely with that given in the Pipe Friction Manual. 

Diluting these emulsions of heavy oils with light solvents—e.g., kerosene, solvent naphtha, benzene, etc.—reduces the specific gravity of the oil phase of the emulsions below that of water and lowers the vis-... 

Another equation that can be used to calculate the heat of combustion is based on the specific gravity of the kerosene ... 

Specific gravity has no relation to burning quality but is a useful aid in checking consistency of production of a particular grade. The specific gravity of kerosene can be determined very conveniently by the hydrometer method (ASTM D-1298, IP 160). 

Kerosene — A flammable oil characterized by a relatively low viscosity, specific gravity of approximately 0.8, and flash point close to 55°C. Kerosene lies between the gasolines and fuel oils in terms of major physical properties and is separated from these products during the fractional distillation of crude oils. Kerosene is used for wick lamps, domestic heaters and furnaces, fuel or fuel components for jet aircraft engines, and thinner in paints and insecticide emulsions. (See also Jet fuel.)... 

Kerosene is heated by hot water in a sheli-and-tube heater. The kerosene is inside the tubes, and the water is outside. The flow is countercurrent. The average temperature of the kerosene is 110 F, and the average linear velocity is 8 ft/s. The properties of the kerosene at 110°F are specific gravity 0.805, viscosity 1.5 cP, specific heat 0.583 Btu/lb-°F, and thermal conductivity 0.0875 Btu/ft-h- F. The tubes are low-carbon steel in. OD by BWG 16. The heat-transfer coefficient on the shell side is 300 Btu/ft -h-°F. Calculate the overall coefficient based on the outside area of the tube. 

Toluene, CeHs.CHs, is obtained from coal-tar. It is formed in appreciable quantities when kerosene is heated under pressure (Rittman process, 30), and when the higher homologues of benzene, such as the xylenes, cumenes, etc., are boiled with anhydrous aluminium chloride. The latter process was used to some extent during the war to make toluene from solvent naphtha (421). Toulene boils at 111° and has the specific gravity 0.865 ( ). It may be prepared by the use of the general methods which have been described. 

---