Solvent kerosene

Figure 6. Solvent-aqueous-surfactant extraction of tar sand with Triton and Makon surfactants. Surfactant added to solvent (kerosene).

Experimental results indicate that the loadings of the organo lead complex which may be obtained for the solvent kerosene are approximately 300 g/1. If such an order of magnitude can be taken as typical of what might be obtained for common organic solvents, considerable recycle potential exists for the solvent, particularly for effluents containing only trace quantities of organic lead. 

Stoddard Solvent Kerosene Oleic Acid B Morpholine... 

The behaviour of solvents listed in Figure 3.7 on the ICP-OES is common and the best are water and glacial acetic acid which are almost identical in terms of sensitivity, stability, excitation, solubility, effect on the pump tubing, etc. Unfortunately, acetic acid has two main drawbacks, namely its odour and corrosive properties. The solvent kerosene finds many applications in the analysis of a wide range of oil and petroleum products, and is also stable. 

The three solvents selected as part of this study are found to be suitable for dissolving and analysing crude and lubricating oils for metal content using ICP-AES. In this study the solvents kerosene, tetralin and decalin were used as part of study of metal analysis for metal content of spiked high and low viscosity Conostan 20 and 75 blend oils. 

Figure 5.1 Long-term stability diagram for Cu, Fe and Ni in kerosene, tetralin and decalin solvent. The relative standard deviation over 4 h for each metal is less than 2.5 % for tetralin and decalin. The solvent kerosene gave a standard deviation of less than 4.5% for each metal...

Method. The sample (in this case the metal-free blank Conostan 75 viscosity oil is spiked with known concentration of metals listed in Table 5.7 and is divided into four aliquots. To the four flasks add known increasing concentrations of the standard control stock solution (500 ppm of each metal) to 10.0 g of sample of to give 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 pgg-1 of multi-elemental standard when diluted to 100 ml in each solvent. The preparation is carried out using the solvents kerosene, tetralin and decalin made up to 100 ml. The samples are analysed and the linear curve is extrapolated to the negative concentration line to determine the concentration of each metal in the original spiked sample. 

Conclusion to Study of Non-Destructive Methods of Metal Analysis of Oil Products. The results in Table 5.9 show accurate results for analysis of metal spiked low viscosity (Conostan 20 blend) oil when analysed against a standard calibration curve in solvents kerosene, decalin and tetralin, respectively. The scatter of results for the six measurements of each sample is acceptable. The results for higher viscosity (Conostan 75 blend) oil gave consistently lower values, which illustrates the effect of viscosity on the nebulisation efficiency. 

Mixtures constitute a category of solvents produced by distillation and cracking of petroleum. The group includes gasoline, petroleum ether, rubber solvent, petroleum naphtha, mineral spirits, white spirits, Stoddard solvent, kerosene, and jet fuels (Lilis 1992). Gasolines are mixtures of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and antiknock additives. 

The recuperation of metal ions is carried out by different types of processes such as solvent extraction [47], membrane separation [48], and chemical absorption [49]. Among these processes, solvent extraction is the most widely adopted type for the removal of metals, where the extraction agent (such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid, trw(2-ethylhexyl)amine, liquid phosphine oxides) is dissolved in an organic solvent (kerosene, toluene, etc.) that is used as the diluents [50,51]. 

Minimum Solvent Rate with Immiscible Solvents. Determine the minimum solvent kerosene rate to perform the desired extraction in Example 12.7-3. Using 1.25 times this minimum rate, determine the number of theoretical stages needed graphically and also by using Eqs. (10.3-21)- 10.3-26). 

Kaplan et al. [124] report on techniques, including IRMS, used to identify the source of hydrocarbon products, including light (naphtha) and middle distillate (kerosene-diesel) products in the C3-C25 hydrocarbon range. The refined petroleum products analyzed included petrol, specialty solvents, kerosene, jet fuels, and diesel fuels. According to the authors, the technique described has successfully been used in environmental cases throughout the United States. 

Determination of the effect of the SML/ESMIS ratio on the formation of microemulsions was the next test to confirm the ability of the mixtures to reduce interfacial tension. The following model systems were used in the study water-kerosene-SML/ ESMIS and water-vaseline oil-SML/ESMlS. Compositions containing a hydrophobic solvent (kerosene or vaseline oil) and an SML/ESMIS mixture were prepared at the weight ratios of 1 1 and 1 3 by adding portions of water to the resulting mixtures. Observations were carried out to find the water content at which microemulsions transformed into an emulsion. The test was carried out at 20°C. The results obtained can be seen in figs. 18.3 and 18.4. 

Previously the possibility of using Sc, Sm, and Nd mono- and diphosphorylated amines 1-3 as membrane carriers in conditions of active transport with use of 1,2-dichlorobenzene as a membrane solvent has been shown. At the same time, a high rate of transmembrane transfer of ions Sc and Nd N,N-bis(dihexyl phosphoryl methyl) octyl amine (1) was set. In this paper, the new results of research of membrane transport properties of 1-3 carriers, by symport mechanism are described, and in this case the environmentally acceptable solvent—kerosene as a membrane phase was used. Besides that the membrane-transport properties of diphosphorilamine 4, that have not been described previously containing simultaneously highly lipophilic methyl dioctyl phosphorylic and practically hydrophilic 0,0-diethyl ethyl phosphonate groups in a molecule was studied. It is well-known that creation of optimal hydrophilic-lipophilic balance is a precondition of transmembrane transport effectiveness with organophosphorous carriers. ... 

Oil-soluble solvents, kerosene, crude oil, naphthas, cresol, etc. 4-25... 

This is the most common method. It is used for gasolines, kerosenes, gas oiis and similar products. The test is conducted at atmospheric pressure and is not recommended for gasolines having high dissolved gas contents or solvents whose cut points are close together. 

Dearomatized or not, lamp oils correspond to petroleum cuts between Cio and C14. Their distillation curves (less than 90% at 210°C, 65% or more at 250°C, 80% or more at 285°C) give them relatively heavy solvent properties. They are used particularly for lighting or for emergency signal lamps. These materials are similar to kerosene solvents , whose distillation curves are between 160 and 300°C and which include solvents for printing inks. 

The products could be classified as a function of various criteria physical properties (in particular, volatility), the way they are created (primary distillation or conversion). Nevertheless, the classification most relevant to this discussion is linked to the end product use LPG, premium gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil, medium and heavy fuels, specialty products like solvents, lubricants, and asphalts. Indeed, the product specifications are generally related to the end use. Traditionally, they have to do with specific properties octane number for premium gasoline, cetane number for diesel oil as well as overall physical properties such as density, distillation curves and viscosity. 

Separation of Aromatic and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. Aromatics extraction for aromatics production, treatment of jet fuel kerosene, and enrichment of gasoline fractions is one of the most important appHcations of solvent extraction. The various commercial processes are summarized in Table 4. 

Emulsives are solutions of toxicant in water-immiscible organic solvents, commonly at 15 ndash 50%, with a few percent of surface-active agent to promote emulsification, wetting, and spreading. The choice of solvent is predicated upon solvency, safety to plants and animals, volatility, flammabiUty, compatibihty, odor, and cost. The most commonly used solvents are kerosene, xylenes and related petroleum fractions, methyl isobutyl ketone, and amyl acetate. Water emulsion sprays from such emulsive concentrates are widely used in plant protection and for household insect control. 

The solution leaving the flotation cell, containing about 0.4 g/L iodine, is sent to a kerosene solvent extraction process to recover the dissolved product. After neutralization with soda ash to the initial incoming alkalinity, the solution is returned to the nitrate lixiviation process. The iodine-chaiged kerosene is contacted with an acidic concentrated iodide solution containing SO2, which reduces the iodine to iodide. 

Chemistry. Chemical separation is achieved by countercurrent Hquid— Hquid extraction and involves the mass transfer of solutes between an aqueous phase and an immiscible organic phase. In the PUREX process, the organic phase is typically a mixture of 30% by volume tri- -butyl phosphate (solvent) and a normal paraffin hydrocarbon (diluent). The latter is typically dodecane or a high grade kerosene (20). A number of other solvent or diluent systems have been investigated, but none has proved to be a substantial improvement (21). 

A number of other words that have traditionally been used in the petroleum industry are difficult to define precisely. These refer pardy to specific hoiling ranges, but also to certain intended uses. Thus, gasoline boils lower than naphtha, and kerosenes generally higher, but these terms are applied to products that ate intended as fuels, rather than as solvents. 

The early developments of solvent processing were concerned with the lubricating oil end of the cmde. Solvent extraction processes are appHed to many usefiil separations in the purification of gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and other oils. In addition, solvent extraction can replace fractionation in many separation processes in the refinery. For example, propane deasphalting (Fig. 7) has replaced, to some extent, vacuum distillation as a means of removing asphalt from reduced cmde oils. 

Another sulfur dioxide appHcation in oil refining is as a selective extraction solvent in the Edeleanu process (323), wherein aromatic components are extracted from a kerosene stream by sulfur dioxide, leaving a purified stream of saturated aHphatic hydrocarbons which are relatively insoluble in sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide acts as a cocatalyst or catalyst modifier in certain processes for oxidation of o-xylene or naphthalene to phthaHc anhydride (324,325). 

Stannic Chloride. Stannic chloride is available commercially as anhydrous stannic chloride, SnCl (tin(IV) chloride) stannic chloride pentahydrate, SnCl 5H20 and in proprietary solutions for special appHcations. Anhydrous stannic chloride, a colorless Aiming Hquid, fumes only in moist air, with the subsequent hydrolysis producing finely divided hydrated tin oxide or basic chloride. It is soluble in water, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, kerosene, gasoline, methanol, and many other organic solvents. With water, it forms a number of hydrates, of which the most important is the pentahydrate. Although stannic chloride is an almost perfect electrical insulator, traces of water make it a weak conductor. 

In practice, uranium ore concentrates are first purified by solvent extraction with tributyl phosphate in kerosene to give uranyl nitrate hexahydrate. The purified uranyl nitrate is then decomposed thermally to UO (eq. 10), which is reduced with H2 to UO2 (eq. 11), which in turn is converted to UF by high temperature hydrofluorination (eq. 12). The UF is then converted to uranium metal with Mg (eq. 19). 

For solvent extraction of pentavalent vanadium as a decavanadate anion, the leach solution is acidified to ca pH 3 by addition of sulfuric acid. Vanadium is extracted in about four countercurrent mixer—settler stages by a 3—5 wt % solution of a tertiary alkyl amine in kerosene. The organic solvent is stripped by a soda-ash or ammonium hydroxide solution, and addition of ammoniacal salts to the rich vanadium strip Hquor yields ammonium metavanadate. A small part of the metavanadate is marketed in that form and some is decomposed at a carefully controlled low temperature to make air-dried or fine granular pentoxide, but most is converted to fused pentoxide by thermal decomposition at ca 450°C, melting at 900°C, then chilling and flaking. 

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