Kerosene, determination

This analysis, abbreviated as FIA for Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption, is standardized as ASTM D 1319 and AFNOR M 07-024. It is limited to fractions whose final boiling points are lower than 315°C, i.e., applicable to gasolines and kerosenes. We mention it here because it is still the generally accepted method for the determination of olefins. 

The accuracy depends on the fraction distilled it deviates particularly when determining the initial and final boiling points the average error can exceed 10°C. When calculating the ASTM D 86 curve for gasoline, it is better to use the Edmister (1948) relations. The Riazi and Edmister methods lead to very close results when they are applied to ASTM D 86 calculations for products such as gas oils and kerosene. 

Caseade tests are useful in determining all aspeets of seeondary flow. For better visualization, tests have been eondueted in water easeades. The flow patterns are studied by injeeting globules of dibutyl phatalate and kerosene in a mixture equal to the density of water. The mixture is useful in traeing seeondary flow, sinee it does not eoagulate. 

Kerosene lamps have a flat cloth wick. Flame height is determined by the height of the wick, which is controlled by a ratchet knob. A glass chimney ensures both safety and a stable, draft-free flame. 

Portions of the treated hay were extracted with benzene, and aliquots of the benzene solution were evaporated to dryness on the steam bath, with a gentle air current to remove the last traces of solvent. The residues were then taken up in deodorized kerosene and tested against houseflies by the turntable method. For comparison, extracts were made up to contain the same amounts of technical toxaphene as were indicated by the chlorine determinations to be present in the treated hay. 

Particle size is a major factor which determines the alpha dose conversion factor for radon daughters (mGy/WLM). Data on indoor environments are emerging and indicate that a variety of specific conditions exist. For example, a dose factor four times that for a nominal occupational or environmental exposure exists if kerosene heater particles dominate the indoor aerosol and four times smaller if a hygroscopic particle dominates. 

Figure 11. Potential energy diagram for two spherical carbon black particles of radius 0.2 ym with Debye lengths and zeta potentials determined for 0.2% and 0.8% solutions of OLOA-1200 in odorless kerosene.

Boylan and Tripp [76] determined hydrocarbons in seawater extracts of crude oil and crude oil fractions. Samples of polluted seawater and the aqueous phases of simulated samples (prepared by agitation of oil-kerosene mixtures and unpolluted seawater to various degrees) were extracted with pentane. Each extract was subjected to gas chromatography on a column (8 ft x 0.06 in) packed with 0.2% of Apiezon L on glass beads (80-100 mesh) and temperatures programmed from 60 °C to 220 °C at 4°C per minute. The components were identified by means of ultraviolet and mass spectra. Polar aromatic compounds in the samples were extracted with methanol-dichlorome-thane (1 3). 

Design an investigation to determine the enthalpy change of the combustion of ethanol using a wick-type burner, similar to that in a kerosene lamp. 

Metal ions such Cu, Cd, and Pb can be preconcentrated from water samples using liquid membranes containing 40% w/w of di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid in kerosene diluent in a PTFE support. The liquid membrane can be coupled on-line to an atomic absorption spectrometer and has been shown to be stable for at least 200 h with extraction efficiencies over 80%, and enrichment factors of 15 can be obtained. A liquid membrane has also been used for sample cleanup and enrichment of lead in urine samples prior to determination by atomic absorption spectrometry [100]. The experimental setup for metal enrichment is shown in Fig. 13.4. Lead was enriched 200 times from urine [80] and several metals were enriched 200 times from natural waters [88]. Using hollow fiber... 

The extent of kerosene trapping was determined quantitatively in a series of laboratory and outdoor experiments with Swedish soils (Jarsjo et al. 1994), yielding an empirical equation for the kerosene residual content as a function of soil composition ... 

Limited epidemiological data suggest that chronic human inhalation exposure to kerosene vapor and/or kerosene combustion products from cooking with kerosene stoves does not induce asthmatic respiratory effects. The presence of kerosene stoves in the homes of Malaysian children was not associated with chronic cough, persistent wheeze, asthma, or chest illness (Azizi and Henry 1991). Asthmatic bronchitis and frequent common colds in 3-year-old Japanese children were not associated with the presence of kerosene stoves in their homes (Tominaga and Itoh 1985). The latter study corrected for exposure to passive smoke. These data are of limited usefulness because the duration of exposure was not reported and the levels of kerosene exposure could not be quantified. Finally, it cannot be determined whether actual exposure to kerosene occurred in these individuals because kerosene exposure was assumed to occur if kerosene was used during cooking or if a kerosene stove was present in the home. 

In another study, decreases in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure occurred in dogs following a single exposure to 0.5 mL/kg kerosene by aspiration, although these values returned to the control values within 60 minutes (Goodwin et al. 1988). The actual dose entering the lungs by aspiration cannot be determined. This study is limited, however, because only one dose was tested. 

Other Systemic Effects. Inhalation and/or dermal exposure to diesel fuel has been associated with edema in two individuals (Crisp et al. 1979 Reidenberg et al. 1964). In one of these cases, loin pains, thirst, and severe exhaustion were also reported (Crisp et al. 1979). Several case studies reported fever in children following acute ingestion of kerosene (Akamaguna and Odita 1983 Aldy et al. 1978 Dudin et al. 1991 Mahdi 1988 Majeed et al. 1981 Nouri and Al-Rahim 1970 Saksena 1969 St. John 1982 Subcommittee on Accidental Poisoning 1962). The effects of oral exposure to kerosene in children cannot be used to predict possible effects in adults or the effects of other fuel oils by this route without additional information. Similarly, it cannot be determined whether the effects of diesel fuel noted in humans would occur from exposure to other fuel oils or in the general population since limited information is available. 

Data regarding changes in white blood cell counts were found however, it cannot be determined whether these changes indicate hematological or immunological toxicity. Increases in leukocyte counts from acute ingestion of kerosene (Dudin et al. 1991 Majeed et al. 1981 Nouri and Al-Rahim 1970) have been... 

Severe headaches occurred in an individual exposed to diesel fuel vapor for 10 days (Reidenberg et al. 1964). Anorexia occurred in a man following dermal and/or inhalation exposure to diesel fuel over several weeks (Crisp et al. 1979). Other neurological effects were reported following inhalation of JP-5 vapor in two individuals who had fatigue and coordination and concentration difficulties other effects included headache, apparent intoxication, and anorexia. Effects subsided within 24 hours for one individual and within 4 days for the other (Porter 1990). Sensory impairment did not occur in these individuals. However, experimental data indicate that olfactory fatigue and taste sensation may occur in some individuals after a 15-minute inhalation exposure to 140 mg/m deodorized kerosene vapor (Carpenter et al. 1976). These data suggest that the different types of fuel oils may behave differently under inhalation exposure conditions. The effect of deodorized kerosene may also occur at lower doses, but this cannot be determined from these data. 

Immunotoxicity. No information was found regarding immunotoxicity in humans from inhalation, oral, or dermal exposures to fuel oils. Only two animal studies were identified that tested immunological effects, both using mice. These studies identified cellular effects in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and/or thymus and decreases in the relative weights of the lymph nodes and thymus from acute dermal exposures to kerosene (Upreti et al. 1989) and chronic dermal exposures to JP-5 and marine diesel fuel (NTP/NIH 1986). However, the toxicological significance of these effects on the immune system cannot be determined from these data. Additional data are needed to identify the toxic potential of fuel oils on the immune system by all routes of exposure and in different animal systems. 

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