I Kerosene

Pyrethrin II, CjjHjjO, 3-(3-methoxy-2-methyl.3-oxo-l-fmpenyl)-2,2 dimethyicyclopropanecarboxyiic acid 2-methyl 4-penten-1 -vl ester. ehrysan-tlumamdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester pyrethrolone ester. R = COOCHj. Viscous liquid. Oxidizes rapidly and becomes inactive in air. bPsatr 192-193 - njj 1.5355. [a]tf +14.7 (isooctane-ether), uv max (95% ethanol) 229 an (e 45,850). Practically insol in water sol in ale, petr ether dess sol than pyrethrin I), kerosene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl -me dichloride, nitromethane. LDm orally in rats 1.2 g/kg. 

Figure 8.31 shows the calculation dependence of the output of hght oil products (benzine -I- kerosene + diesel oil) on the pressure in the column and on the number of trays in the first section above the feed cross-section (West Siberian petroleum). 

This analysis, abbreviated as FIA for Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption, is standardized as ASTM D 1319 and AFNOR M 07-024. It is limited to fractions whose final boiling points are lower than 315°C, i.e., applicable to gasolines and kerosenes. We mention it here because it is still the generally accepted method for the determination of olefins. 

A final, somewhat variable outlet for large-scale liquid oxygen is as oxidant in rocket fuels for space exploration, satellite launching and space shuttles. For example, in the Apollo mission to the moon (1979), each Saturn 5 launch rocket used 1270 m (i.e. 1.25 million litres or 1450 tonnes) of liquid oxygen in Stage 1, where it oxidized the kerosene fuel (195 000 1, or about 550 tonnes) in the almost unbelievably short time of 2.5 min. Stages 2 and 3 had 315 and 76.3 m of liquid O2 respectively, and the fuel was liquid FI2. 

I. F. Davies, K. D. Battle, G. E. Andrews and G. T. Williams, Automated chemical class characterization of kerosene and diesel fuels by on-line coupled mia obore HPFC/capil-lary GC , J. Chromatogr. Sci. 26 125-130 (1988). 

Plessit. A Ger blasting expl introduced during WW.I contg K chlorate with not more than 9.5% kerosene and 0.5% albumen. One variety, Wetter-Plessit III, used in coal mines, contained NaCl as well... 

Figure 15. Photograph of sedimentation of carbon black (10 W%) in odorless kerosene as a function of OLOA-1200 content. Agitated 150 hours, sedimented 2 A hours. 0L0A-1200 contents (a)-0, (b)-0.2, (c)-O.A, (d)-0.6, (e)-0.8, (f)-1.0, (g)-1.2, (h)-l.A, (i)-2.0, (j)-2.8, and (k)-A.O parts OLOA-1200 per 100 parts carbon black. Reproduced with permission from Ref. (1A) Elsevier Science Publishers.

Interpretation/report The GC retention time of a naphthalene standard and the mass spectrum of this peak confirm its presence. Because of the complexity of the chromatograms of the petroleum products and the pesticide sample, you find it impossible to examine the chromatogram of each. However, a comparison of the GC fingerprints (i.e., the matching of chromatographic peaks and comparison of peak ratios) clearly shows that the sample consists of naphthalene dissolved in kerosene. 

The solvent process involves treating phthalonitrile with any one of a number of copper salts in the presence of a solvent at 120 to 220°C [10]. Copper(I)chloride is most important. The list of suitable solvents is headed by those with a boiling point above 180°C, such as trichlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, naphthalene, and kerosene. A metallic catalyst such as molybdenum oxide or ammonium molybdate may be added to enhance the yield, to shorten the reaction time, and to reduce the necessary temperature. Other suitable catalysts are carbonyl compounds of molybdenum, titanium, or iron. The process may be accelerated by adding ammonia, urea, or tertiary organic bases such as pyridine or quinoline. As a result of improved temperature maintenance and better reaction control, the solvent method affords yields of 95% and more, even on a commercial scale. There is a certain disadvantage to the fact that the solvent reaction requires considerably more time than dry methods. 

The term white distillate is applied to all the refinery streams with a distillation range between approximately 80 and 360°C (175 to 680°F) at atmospheric pressure and with properties similar to the corresponding straight-run distillate from atmospheric crude distillation. Light distillate products (i.e., naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel fuel, and heating oil) are all manufactured by appropriate blending of white distillate streams. 

Chemicals registered as pesticides but often marketed for other purposes, i.e., multi-use chemicals, including sulfur, salt, sulfuric acid and petroleum products (e.g., kerosene, oils and distillates). 

Thomas and Delfino (1991) equilibrated contaminant-free groundwater collected from Gainesville, FL with individual fractions of three individual petroleum products at 24-25 °C for 24 h. The aqueous phase was analyzed for organic compounds via U.S. EPA approved test method 602. Average benzene concentrations reported in water-soluble fractions of unleaded gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel were 8.652, 0.349, and 0.200 mg/L, respectively. When the authors analyzed the aqueous-phase via U.S. EPA approved test method 610, average benzene concentrations in water-soluble fractions of unleaded gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel were lower, i.e., 1.107, 0.073, and 0.066 mg/L, respectively. 

When the authors analyzed the aqueous-phase via U.S. EPA approved test method 610, average 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene concentrations in water-soluble fractions of unleaded gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel were smaller, i.e., 742, 291, and 105 pg/L, respectively. 

In Fig. 1.2, phase transformations are pnt into their context of physical processes used for separation of mixtures of chemical compounds. However, the figure has been drawn asymmetrically in that two Uqnids (I and II) are indicated. Most people are familiar with several organic Uqnids, Uke kerosene, ether, benzene, etc., that are only partially miscible with water. This lack of miscibility allows an equilibrium between two liquids that are separated from each other by a common phase boundary. Thus the conventional physical system of three phases (gas, liquid, and solid, counting all solid phases as one), which ordinarily are available to all chemists, is expanded to four phases when two immiscible liquids are involved. This can be of great advantage, as will be seen when reading this book. 

---