Olefins kerosene

This analysis, abbreviated as FIA for Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption, is standardized as ASTM D 1319 and AFNOR M 07-024. It is limited to fractions whose final boiling points are lower than 315°C, i.e., applicable to gasolines and kerosenes. We mention it here because it is still the generally accepted method for the determination of olefins. 

The term naphthenic acid, as commonly used in the petroleum industry, refers collectively to all of the carboxyUc acids present in cmde oil. Naphthenic acids [1338-24-5] are classified as monobasic carboxyUc acids of the general formula RCOOH, where R represents the naphthene moiety consisting of cyclopentane and cyclohexane derivatives. Naphthenic acids are composed predorninandy of aLkyl-substituted cycloaUphatic carboxyUc acids, with smaller amounts of acycHc aUphatic (paraffinic or fatty) acids. Aromatic, olefinic, hydroxy, and dibasic acids are considered to be minor components. Commercial naphthenic acids also contain varying amounts of unsaponifiable hydrocarbons, phenoHc compounds, sulfur compounds, and water. The complex mixture of acids is derived from straight-mn distillates of petroleum, mosdy from kerosene and diesel fractions (see Petroleum). 

Propjdene and butylene require much milder conditions for their sulfation with sulfuhc acid. Butylene is sulfated at 30—50°C and 300—600 kPa (ca 3—6 atm) with 30—60 wt % sulfuhc acid, and propylene is sulfated at 10—30°C and 500 kPa (ca 5 atm) with 65—85 wt % sulfuhc acid. The rate of sulfation of propylene increases sharply with increasing pressure (80). It can also be increased by the addition of kerosene, which raises the concentration of olefin in the hquid phase (81). 

In 1950 the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was banned in Germany by the allied forces. Sinarol, a high paraffinic kerosene fraction sold by Shell, was used as a substitute. This ban coincided with the rapid development of the European petrochemical industry, and in due time Fischer-Tropsch synthesis applied to the production of paraffins became uneconomic anyway. After the war there was a steady worldwide increase in the demand for surfactants. In order to continually meet the demand for synthetic detergents, the industry was compelled to find a substitute for /z-paraffin. This was achieved by the oligomerization of the propene part of raffinate gases with phosphoric acid catalyst at 200°C and about 20 bars pressure to produce tetrapropene. Tetrapropene was inexpensive, comprising a defined C cut and an olefinic double bond. Instead of the Lewis acid, aluminum chloride, hydrofluoric acid could now be used as a considerably milder, more economical, and easier-to-handle alkylation catalyst [4],... 

LAB is derived exclusively from petroleum- or natural gas-based feedstocks. Thus, it is referred to as a petrochemical (or synthetic) surfactant intermediate. Feedstocks for LAB production are generally paraffins (carbon chain length in the range of C8-C14) derived from kerosene and benzene. Internal olefins derived from ethylene are sometimes used in place of paraffins. 

The transportation fuels produced and marketed (Table 18.9)40 met the South African fuel specifications of that time and included some coal-derived liquids (not shown in Figure 18.5). Although the refinery originally produced no jet fuel, it was demonstrated that the hydrogenated kerosene range oligomers from olefin oligomerization over a solid phosphoric acid catalyst met the requirements for jet fuel.38 (Semisynthetic jet fuel was approved in 1999 and fully synthetic jet fuel was approved in 2008 DEFSTAN 91-91/Issue 6). 

SPGK [Shell PolyGasoline and Kerosene] A process for oligomerizing C2 - C5 olefins to liquid transport fuels. The reaction takes place at 200 to 280°C and is catalyzed by a zeolite. Developed by the Shell Petroleum Company, Amsterdam, in 1990. 

This chapter reviews the adsorptive separations of various classes of non-aromatic hydrocarbons. It covers three different normal paraffin molecular weight separations from feedstocks that range from naphtha to kerosene, the separation of mono-methyl paraffins from kerosene and the separation of mono-olefins both from a mixed C4 stream and from a kerosene stream. In addition, we also review the separation of olefins from a C10-16 stream and review simple carbohydrate separations and various acid separations. 

Physical Form. JP-4 is a colorless to straw-colored liquid with the odor of gasoline and/or kerosene. JP-7 is a liquid, usually colorless and with the odor of kerosene. JP-4 can be made by refining either crude petroleum oil or shale oil. It is called a wide cut fuel because it is produced from a broad distillation temperature range and contains a wide array of carbon chain lengths, from 4- to 16. It consists of approximately 13% (v/v) aromatic hydrocarbons, 1.0% olefins, and 86% saturated hydrocarbons. JP-7 is made by refining kerosene, a product of refined crude petroleum. It was developed for use in advanced supersonic jets because of its thermal stability and high flash point. ... 

In tests performed in 1944, Crafts and Reiber (2) demonstrated that heavy isoparaffins (slightly heavier than mineral seal oil) are less toxic to barley than odorless kerosene. These workers also showed that heavy isoparaffins have little or no toxic effect upon Am-sinckia, Lactuca, and Stellaria species, or upon grasses. Heavy naphthenes, olefins, and aromatics were toxic, in ascending order, to these species. 

Thermally pillared clays Dimerization of unsaturated fatty acids to dimer acids Removal of olefins from BTX , ethylbenzene, cumene, etc. steams Decolonization of industrial oil derivatives Purification of kerosene and other mineral oil derivatives... 

Eastman Kodak o-dichlorobenzene of 95% purity was used. Olefin-free kerosene or decalin may be substituted for the solvent, keeping the reaction temperature between 170° and 190°. 

The purpose of hydrofining reactions may vary with the feedstock. Gasolines or coke-oven light oil are treated to remove gum formers, that is, readily polymerizing olefins and sulfur compounds, while hydrogenation of aromatics must be avoided. Hydrogenation of kerosenes and Diesel... 

Jet fuel JP-8 (jet propellant-8) is a kerosene-based distillate selected by the U.S. Air Force to replace JP-4 and other predecessors, which were replaced because JP-8 has a higher flash point, is composed of higher chain hydrocarbons, and does not contain benzene. Profiles for JP-8 list the following classes of compounds exclusive of additives alkanes (43% by weight) cycloalkanes (11%) alkylbenzenes (12%) naphthalenes (2%) and dicycloparaffins, tetralins, and olefins (% not specified) (USAF 1991). A more detailed list of hydrocarbon components is given in Table A-l. 

According to the increase of PS content in HDPE and PS mixture, in Eigure 5.15 the fraction of gasoline components in the liquid products was increased from about 85 wt% (pure HDPE) to about 98 wt% (pure PS) and the rest was kerosene + disel (C13-C24). No heavy oil (> 24) was detected. In the catalytic degradation of pure HDPE without PS, the major product was olefin components whereas the paraffin products as well as the aromatic and naphthene products with a cyclic structure were minor products. According as PS content in the reactant increased from 0 to 20 wt%, the fraction of paraffin... 

Derivation Benzene is alkylated with dodecene, to which it attaches itself in any secondary position the resulting dodecylbenzene is sulfonated with sulfuric acid and neutralized with caustic soda. For ABS (branched-chain alkyl) the dodecene is usually a propylene tetramer, made by catalytic polymerization of propylene. For LAS (straight-chain alkyl), the dodecene may be removed from kerosene or crudes by molecular sieve, may be formed by Ziegler polymerization of ethylene, or by cracking wax paraffins to a-olefins. 

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