Kerosene, purified

Kerosene, purified, 24, 7 Ketene, 21, 13, 64 Ketene diethylacetal, 23, 45 Ketene, diethyl ketal, 23, 45 Ketene dimer, 21, 4, 64 Ketene lamp, 21, 65 Keto acid, 20, 2 -Ketoglutaric acid, 26, 42 Ketone, 2-Fluorenyl methyl, 28,3,63 Ketone, methyl 9-phenanthryl, 28,6 Ketone, methyl 2-thienyl, 28,1 Knoevenagel condensation, 23, 60 24, 92 25, 42, 51 27, 24 28, 24 Kolbc synthesis of an alkyl a,a>-dicar-boxylatc, 21, 48... 

Another sulfur dioxide appHcation in oil refining is as a selective extraction solvent in the Edeleanu process (323), wherein aromatic components are extracted from a kerosene stream by sulfur dioxide, leaving a purified stream of saturated aHphatic hydrocarbons which are relatively insoluble in sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide acts as a cocatalyst or catalyst modifier in certain processes for oxidation of o-xylene or naphthalene to phthaHc anhydride (324,325). 

In TBP extraction, the yeUowcake is dissolved ia nitric acid and extracted with tributyl phosphate ia a kerosene or hexane diluent. The uranyl ion forms the mixed complex U02(N02)2(TBP)2 which is extracted iato the diluent. The purified uranium is then back-extracted iato nitric acid or water, and concentrated. The uranyl nitrate solution is evaporated to uranyl nitrate hexahydrate [13520-83-7], U02(N02)2 6H20. The uranyl nitrate hexahydrate is dehydrated and denitrated duting a pyrolysis step to form uranium trioxide [1344-58-7], UO, as shown ia equation 10. The pyrolysis is most often carried out ia either a batch reactor (Fig. 2) or a fluidized-bed denitrator (Fig. 3). The UO is reduced with hydrogen to uranium dioxide [1344-57-6], UO2 (eq. 11), and converted to uranium tetrafluoride [10049-14-6], UF, with HF at elevated temperatures (eq. 12). The UF can be either reduced to uranium metal or fluotinated to uranium hexafluoride [7783-81-5], UF, for isotope enrichment. The chemistry and operating conditions of the TBP refining process, and conversion to UO, UO2, and ultimately UF have been discussed ia detail (40). 

In practice, uranium ore concentrates are first purified by solvent extraction with tributyl phosphate in kerosene to give uranyl nitrate hexahydrate. The purified uranyl nitrate is then decomposed thermally to UO (eq. 10), which is reduced with H2 to UO2 (eq. 11), which in turn is converted to UF by high temperature hydrofluorination (eq. 12). The UF is then converted to uranium metal with Mg (eq. 19). 

Mazut or Masutt. Residue of Russian petroleum after distg off benz (1% at 100°, d 0.725 g/cc), gasoline (3% at 120° to 130°, d 0.775 g/cc), and kerosene (27% at 150° to 250°, d 0.83—0.84g/cc). The resulting black, oily residue, resembling crude petroleum in appearance, has a flash pt of about 100° and d 0.878-0.900 g/cc. It was purified by treatment with sulfuric acid. It has been used as a fuel in boilers, locomotives and boats, as well as in some internal comb engines. In the expl industry, its use was confined to some blasting expls, particularly those contg chlorates... 

At the end of the heating period the contents of the flask will have solidified. To the cold mixture 40 ml. of water is added to hydrolyze the potassium methoxide and precipitate the pyrimidine the fine crystals are filtered and dried. The crude product is placed in a 500-ml. distilling flask with 250 ml. of purified kerosene (Note 3). On distilling the kerosene, the pyrimidine codistils and solidifies in the receiving flask to a snow-white mass of crystals. These are filtered, washed well with petroleum ether, and dried in an oven at 100°. The yield of pure material, melting at 182-183°, is 27.5-28.7 g. (67-70%) (Note 4). 

Kerosene is purified by shaking for 24 hours with concentrated sulfuric acid. The kerosene is separated from the acid, washed several times with dilute sodium hydroxide, then with water, and finally dried over calcium chloride and distilled using... 

It also may be prepared by extraction of weak borax brine with a kerosene solution of an aromatic diol, sucb as 2-etbyl-l,3-hexanediol or 3-cbloro-2-hydroxy-5-(l,l,3,3-tetrametbylbutyl)benzyl alcohol. The diol-borate chelate formed separates into a kerosene phase. Treatment with sulfuric acid yields boric acid which partitions into aqueous phase and is purified by recrys-taUization. 

In practice, the kerosene is usually a close-cut highly acid-treated or solvent-refined material boiling in the range 425° to 475° F. It is chlorinated at about 140° F. until 1.1 to 1.2 atoms of chlorine are added to each molecule of hydrocarbon, after which the keryl chloride is reacted with an excess of benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride to give a keryl benzene which can be further purified by distillation prior to sulfonation (6). 

Extraction with SO,., suggested in 1907 to purify kerosene, applied to secure aromatics from reformate (early 1940s) Alkylation of propylene with benzene using solid H5PO4 catalyst to make cumene (early to mid-1940s)... 

An empirical distribution ratio model was first elaborated to describe the extraction of Am(III) and Ln(III) in kerosene by purified HBTMPDTP, based on mass balances and mass-action laws of HBTMPDTP dimerization in kerosene, dissociation... 

Another process involves the use of an organic solvent to extract the borax brines. Boric acid is extracted with kerosene, carrying a chelating agent. In a second mixer-settler system, dilute sulfuric acid strips the borates from the chelate. The aqueous phase with boric acid, potassium sulfate, and sodium sulfate is purified by carbon treatment and evaporated in two evaporator-crystallizers. From the first, pure boric acid is separated, and from the other, a mixture of sodium and potassium sulfates. 

These workers [20] also examined thin layer chromatography of 2,4-DP (Dichloroprop) and MCPP (mixture of Mecoprop and 2-(2-chloro 4-methylphenoxy)propionic acid). In this method the ethyl ether extract of the sample is purified on a column of silicic acid and the herbicides are separated by thin layer chromatography on silica gel-kieselguhr (2 3) with light petroleum-acetic acid-kerosene (10 1 2) as solvent. The sensitivity is 3pg of either compound per litre, the average recoveries of Dichlorprop and MCPP are 85.7% and 87.4%, respectively, and the corresponding standard deviations were 13.9% and 15.5%. 

By carrying out the last stages in the abrading procedures under purified kerosene, we tended to minimize the formation of films. These specimens were coated with the oxide films normally formed at room temperature. They were heated to the reaction temperature as quickly as possible in the highest obtainable vacuum. 

If necessary, the technically pure ketone can be recrystallized from kerosene (b.p. 180°C.). In large scale operations, the product is heated to 140° with this solvent and is allowed to cool. Michler s ketone, purified in this way, melts at 170-172°. 

Uranium is deposited widely in the Earth s crust, hence it has few ores, notably the oxides uraninite and pitchblende. The ores are leached with H2SO4 in the presence of an oxidizing agent such as NaClOs or Mn02, to oxidize all the uranium to the (+6) state as a sulfate or chloride complex. On neutralization with ammonia a precipitate of yellow cake , a yellow solid with the approximate composition (NH4)2U207 is formed. This is converted into UO3 on ignition at 300 °C. This can be purified further by conversion into uranyl nitrate, followed by solvent extraction using tributyl phosphate in kerosene as the extractant. 

Ozocerite or Ozokerite (Mineral Wax, Fossil Wax, Native Paraffin). In purified form known as Ceresine Wax (see under Waxes). Waxlike hydrocarbon mixt, yel brown to black or green, translucent when pure and having a greasy feel. D 0.85-0.95g/cc, mp 55-110°, usually about 70°. Sol in light petr hydrocarbons, benz, turpentine, kerosene, eth, CS2 si sol in ale, insol in w. Combustible, non-toxic (Refs 1 3)... 

---