Kerosene distillation range

Combustion. The primary reaction carried out in the gas turbine combustion chamber is oxidation of a fuel to release its heat content at constant pressure. Atomized fuel mixed with enough air to form a close-to-stoichiometric mixture is continuously fed into a primary zone. There its heat of formation is released at flame temperatures deterruined by the pressure. The heat content of the fuel is therefore a primary measure of the attainable efficiency of the overall system in terms of fuel consumed per unit of work output. Table 6 fists the net heat content of a number of typical gas turbine fuels. Net rather than gross heat content is a more significant measure because heat of vaporization of the water formed in combustion cannot be recovered in aircraft exhaust. The most desirable gas turbine fuels for use in aircraft, after hydrogen, are hydrocarbons. Fuels that are liquid at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature are the most practical and widely used aircraft fuels kerosene, with a distillation range from 150 to 300 °C, is the best compromise to combine maximum mass —heat content with other desirable properties. For ground turbines, a wide variety of gaseous and heavy fuels are acceptable. 

The increase in fuel viscosity with temperature decrease is shown for several fuels in Figure 9. The departure from linearity as temperatures approach the pour point illustrates the non-Newtonian behavior created by wax matrices. The freezing point appears before the curves depart from linearity. It is apparent that the low temperature properties of fuel are closely related to its distillation range as well as to hydrocarbon composition. Wide-cut fuels have lower viscosities and freezing points than kerosenes, whereas heavier fuels used in ground turbines exhibit much higher viscosities and freezing points. 

The necessary C10/13 cut for the hydrophobic part of the molecule can be obtained by various methods. Suitable paraffins were obtained in the USA from kerosene (distillation range 200-250°C). The kerosene was extracted above all from Pennsylvania oil. These mainly straight chain paraffins with 12-14 C atoms were chlorinated and their reaction products alkylated with benzene in the presence of a Lewis acid and sulfonated with oleum. The first products in the USA were called Nacconol NR and NRSF (National Aniline and Chemical Co., NACCO ), as well as Santomerse 1 (Monsanto) [4]. 

The term white distillate is applied to all the refinery streams with a distillation range between approximately 80 and 360°C (175 to 680°F) at atmospheric pressure and with properties similar to the corresponding straight-run distillate from atmospheric crude distillation. Light distillate products (i.e., naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel fuel, and heating oil) are all manufactured by appropriate blending of white distillate streams. 

Gas-oil a petroleum distillate with a viscosity and distillation range intermediate between those of kerosene and light lubricating oil. 

Kerosene (kerosine) a fraction of petroleum that was initially sought as an illuminant in lamps a precursor to diesel fuel with a distillation range that generally falls within the limits of 150 and 300°C main uses are as a jet engine fuel, an illuminant, for heating purposes, and as a fuel for certain types of internal combustion engines. 

This study is concerned with a single isoparaffinic fraction in the approximate distillation range of kerosene. Isoparaffinic oils are complex mixtures of saturated branched-chain compounds as illustrated by isopentane... 

The essential properties of kerosene are flash point (ASTM D-56, ASTM D-93, ASTM D-3828, IP 34, IP 170, IP 303), distillation range (ASTM D86, ASTM D-1160, ASTM D-2887, ASTM D-6352), burning characteristics (ASTM D-187, IP 10), sulfur content (ASTM D-129, ASTM D-2622, ASTM D-3120, ASTM D-3246, ASTM D-4294, ASTM D-5453, ASTM D-5623, IP 61, IP 336, IP 373), color (ASTM D-156, ASTM D-1209, ASTM D-1500, ASTM D-1554, ASTM D-2392, ASTM D-3830, ASTM D-6045), and cloud point (ASTM D-2500, ASTM D-5772, ASTM D-5771, ASTM D-5773, IP 219). In the case of the flash point (ASTM D-56), the minimum flash temperature is generally placed above the prevailing ambient temperature the fire point (ASTM D-92) determines the hre hazard associated with its handling and use. 

Specifications for fuel oil may include limits on the temperatures at which 10% and 90% of the fuel are distilled by the standard procedure (ASTM D-396). For kerosene-type fuel oil (ASTM D-1) these values control the volatility at both ends of the distillation range, whereas for gas oil (ASTM D-1, ASTM D-2), where the front-end volatility is not so critical, only the 90% distillation temperature is normally specified. This ensures that high-boiling-point components, which are less likely to burn and which can cause carbon deposition, are excluded from the fuel. 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES colorless, mobile liquid odor-like gasoline and kerosene has a fast evaporation rate and a narrow distillation range does not solidify in the cold miscible... 

The reported distillation ranges for the kerosene and gasoil products were 150-250°C and 250-360°C, respectively (35, 36, 38). 

Naphthenic acids occur ia a wide boiling range of cmde oil fractions, with acid content increa sing with boiling point to a maximum ia the gas oil fraction (ca 325°C). Jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fractions are the source of most commercial naphthenic acid. The acid number of the naphthenic acids decreases as heavier petroleum fractions are isolated, ranging from 255 mg KOH/g for acids recovered from kerosene and 170 from diesel, to 108 from heavy fuel oil (19). The amount of unsaturation as indicated by iodine number also increases in the high molecular weight acids recovered from heavier distillation cuts. 

Domestic fuel oils are those used primarily in the home and include kerosene, stove oil, and furnace fuel oil. Diesel fuel oils are also distillate fuel oils, but residual oils have been successhjlly used to power marine diesel engines, and mixtures of distillates and residuals have been used on locomotive diesels. Heavy fuel oils include a variety of oils, ranging from distillates to residual oils, that must be heated to 260°C or higher before they can be used. In general, heavy fuel oil consists of residual oil blended with distillate to suit specific needs. Heavy fuel oil includes various industrial oils and, when used to fuel ships, is called bunker oil. 

Liquid fuels for ground-based gas turbines are best defined today by ASTM Specification D2880. Table 4 Hsts the detailed requirements for five grades which cover the volatility range from naphtha to residual fuel. The grades differ primarily in basic properties related to volatility eg, distillation, flash point, and density of No. 1 GT and No. 2 GT fuels correspond to similar properties of kerosene and diesel fuel respectively. These properties are not limited for No. 0 GT fuel, which allows naphthas and wide-cut distillates. For heavier fuels. No. 3 GT and No. 4 GT, the properties that must be limited are viscosity and trace metals. 

---