With Acids

CjHgO. M.p. 45—46 "C, b.p. ISS C. It occurs free in the roots of Angelica archangelica. When heated alone or with acids or alkalis it is converted to tigiic acid. (Z)-isomer. 

Of little use commercially except as a route to anthraquinone. For this purpose it is oxidized with acid potassium dichromate solution, or better, by a catalytic air oxidation at 180-280 C, using vanadates or other metal oxide catalysts. 

Normal butyl alcohol, propyl carbinol, n-butanol, 1-buianol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH. B.p. 117 C. Manufactured by reduction of crotonaldehyde (2-buienal) with H2 and a metallic catalyst. Forms esters with acids and is oxidized first to butanal and then to butanoic acid. U.S. production 1978 300 000 tonnes. 

CgH,5N02. Colourless crystalline material m.p. 203 C. The major portion of the cocaine molecule, from which it may be obtained by hydrolysis with acid. Benzoylation and methyl-ation reconvert it to cocaine. Forms a stable hydrochloride, m.p. 246 C. See cocaine. 

Fats are hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids by boiling with acids and alkalis, by superheated steam and by the action of lipases. If alkalis are used for hydrolysis, the fatty acids combine with the alkalis to form soaps. Alkaline hydrolysis is therefore sometimes called saponification. 

D-glucose, dextrose, C Hi20 . The most common hexose sugar. It is present in many plants, and is the sugar of the blood. It is a constituent of starch, cellulose, glycogen, sucrose and many glycosides, from all of which it can be obtained by hydrolysis with acids or enzymes. 

NH2-C0-NH NH2,CH5N30. Colourless crystalline substance m.p. 96" C. Prepared by the electrolytic reduction of nitrourea in 20% sulphuric acid at 10 "C. Forms crystalline salts with acids. Reacts with aldehydes and ketones to give semicarbazones. Used for the isolation and identification of aldehydes and ketones. 

H02C(CH2)2C02H. Colourless prisms m.p. 182 C, b.p. 235°C. Occurs in amber, algae, lichens, sugar cane, beets and other plants, and is formed during the fermentation of sugar, tartrates, malates and other substances by a variety of yeasts, moulds and bacteria. Manufactured by the catalytic reduction of maleic acid or by heating 1,2-dicyanoethane with acids or alkalis. Forms an anhydride when heated at 235°C. Forms both acid and neutral salts and esters. Used in the manufacture of succinic anhydride and of polyesters with polyols. 

Tellurium dioxide, Te02- Obtained by burning Te in air or heating tellurales(IV). Has rutile or brookile structures. Almost insoluble in water but gives tellurates(IV) with bases and, e g., TeCl4 with acids. 

Thallium( ) oxide, TI2O. Black powder formed by heating TIOH, gives T1(I) salts with acids. 

Vanadium dioxide, VO2 is dark blue (V2O5 plus SO2) but is readily reduced further to Vo.i86-V,.6a. VO2 gives the (VO) ion with acids and vanadates(IV) with alkalis and as mixed metal oxides. 

The white solid oxides MjO and M 0 are formed by direct union of the elements. The oxides MjO and the oxides M"0 of calcium down to radium have ionic lattices and are all highly basic they react exothermically with water to give the hydroxides, with acids to give salts, and with carbon dioxide to give carbonates. For example... 

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