Kerosene composition

The increase in fuel viscosity with temperature decrease is shown for several fuels in Figure 9. The departure from linearity as temperatures approach the pour point illustrates the non-Newtonian behavior created by wax matrices. The freezing point appears before the curves depart from linearity. It is apparent that the low temperature properties of fuel are closely related to its distillation range as well as to hydrocarbon composition. Wide-cut fuels have lower viscosities and freezing points than kerosenes, whereas heavier fuels used in ground turbines exhibit much higher viscosities and freezing points. 

Results from a pilot plant run by Toshiba, which recycles waste thermoplastics into fuel oil, have been sufficiently successful for the company to plan to launch commercial operations in the second half of the fiscal year, commencing in April, it is reported. Different pressures and temperatures during processing release oils with different compositions, and include heavy oil, kerosene and gasoline. Mixed waste can be processed without generating harmful gases, it is claimed. 

Collector LAC2 is similar in composition to TX26, except that the carbamic acid is replaced with oxidized sulphonate solution in kerosene (R825). 

An emulsifiable concentrate is prepared from pesticides that are soluble in common organic solvents, such as xylene and kerosene. Using emulsifiers in the composition causes the formulation to disperse into small particles, called an emulsion, when diluted in water. 

Palm oil has been cracked at atmospheric pressure and a reaction temperature of 723 K to produce biofuel in a fixed-bed microreactor. The reaction was carried out over microporous HZSM-5 zeolite, mesoporous MCM-41, and composite micromesoporous zeolite as catalysts. The products obtained were gas, organic liquid product, water, and coke. The organic liquid product was composed of hydrocarbons corresponding to gasoline, kerosene, and diesel boiling point range. The maximiun conversion of palm oil, 99 wt.%, and gasoUne yield of 48 wt.% was... 

Fig. 7.3 Effect of scrub solution composition on the removal of nickel from cobalt in a DEHPA-kerosene solvent.

The differential volatilization of neat kerosene components from a liquid phase, directly into the atmosphere during volatilization up to 50% (w/w), is presented in Fig. 8.8. Ten kerosene components were selected, and their composition was depicted as a function of gas chromatograph peak size (%), which is linearly related to their concentration. It may be seen that the lighter fractions evaporate at the beginning of the volatilization process. Increasing evaporation causes additional components to volatilize, which leads to a relative increase in the heavier fractions of kerosene in the remaining liquid. 

In the subsurface, kerosene volatilization is controlled by the physical and chemical properties of the solid phase and by the water content. Porosity is a major factor in defining the volatilization process. Galin et al. (1990) reported an experiment where neat kerosene at the saturation retention value was recovered from coarse, medium, and fine sands after 1, 5, and 14 days of incubation. The porosity of the sands decreased from coarse to fine. Figure 8.9 presents gas chromatographs obtained after kerosene volatilization. Note the loss of the more volatile hydrocarbons by evaporation in all sands 14 days after application and the lack of resemblance to the original kerosene. It is clear that the pore size of the sands affected the chemical composition of the remaining kerosene. For example, the fractions disap-... 

Fig. 8.9 Effect of porosity on composition of kerosene during 14 days of volatilization from fine, medium and coarse sand, as seen from gas chromatograph analyses. Reprinted from Galin Ts, Gerstl Z, Yaron B (1990) Soil pollution by petroleum products. IB Kerosene stability in soil columns as affected by volatilization. J Contam Hydrol 5 375-385. Copyright 1990 with permission of Elsevier...

The extent of kerosene trapping was determined quantitatively in a series of laboratory and outdoor experiments with Swedish soils (Jarsjo et al. 1994), yielding an empirical equation for the kerosene residual content as a function of soil composition ... 

Changes in the chemical composition of the kerosene during volatilization also affect the physical properties of this petroleum product. Table 16.8 summarizes the effect of volatilization on kerosene viscosity, surface tension, and density when 20%, 40%, and 60% of the initial amount has been removed by the partial transfer of light hydrocarbon fractions to the atmosphere. Only the liquid viscosity is affected, with volatilization having a negligible effect on the density and surface tension of the kerosene. 

In this profile, a fuel oil is referred to by the name used in the cited study. That is, if one study identifies a fuel oil as fuel oil no. 1, and another study identifies the same fuel oil as kerosene, the names "fuel oil no. 1" and "kerosene" will be used, respectively. All fuel oils are liquids at room temperature, although they can evaporate. The rates at which the various fuel oils will evaporate is dependent on the temperature and the composition of the individual fuel oil. Most... 

Information regarding the chemical identity of fuel oils is located in Table 3-1. Information on the composition of selected fuel oils, specifically fuel oil no. 2 and kerosene, is presented in Table 3-2. 

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