Petroleum kerosene from

The term naphthenic acid, as commonly used in the petroleum industry, refers collectively to all of the carboxyUc acids present in cmde oil. Naphthenic acids [1338-24-5] are classified as monobasic carboxyUc acids of the general formula RCOOH, where R represents the naphthene moiety consisting of cyclopentane and cyclohexane derivatives. Naphthenic acids are composed predorninandy of aLkyl-substituted cycloaUphatic carboxyUc acids, with smaller amounts of acycHc aUphatic (paraffinic or fatty) acids. Aromatic, olefinic, hydroxy, and dibasic acids are considered to be minor components. Commercial naphthenic acids also contain varying amounts of unsaponifiable hydrocarbons, phenoHc compounds, sulfur compounds, and water. The complex mixture of acids is derived from straight-mn distillates of petroleum, mosdy from kerosene and diesel fractions (see Petroleum). 

These examples indicate that aggregation and pore-size distribution parameters affect volatilization of petroleum products from a contaminated subsurface. Fine and Yaron (1993) report that kerosene volatilization depends on the type of soil. Tests on four soils with a clay content increasing from 0.3% to 74.4%, and organic matter... 

Fig. 8.13 Concentration of selected petroleum hydrocarbons (mL / 100 g soil) during volatilization of kerosene from air dry vertisol. Reprinted from FineP, Yaron B (1993) Outdoor experiments on enhanced volatilization by venting of kerosene components from soil. J Contam Hydrol 12 335-374. Copyright 1994 with permission of Elsevier...

The Earth Tech technology is an ex situ, soil bioremediation process that uses the indigenous microorganisms already present in the soil in a custom-designed approach to enhance microbial activity. The Earth Tech technology is used primarily to treat soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons from fuels (such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc.). In the Earth Tech process. 

CA 31, 8880 (1937) (Suspensions of coal in oil which can be stored w/o sepn for more than 450 days) f)V.F.Kustov et al, KhimReferatZhur 1940, NolO-ll, 95 CA 37, 1240-41 (1943) (Colloidal fuels consisting of coal dust suspensions in "mazut , which is the residue remaining after the distn of gasoline and kerosene from Rus petroleum. These fuels have been used in industrial furnaces) g)E.Boye, Chem-Ztg 68, 187-8 (1944) CA 40, 3865 (1946) [Review with 34 refs of colloidal fuels known in Germany as Fliesskohle (fluid coals)] h)... 

Throughout human history, people have collected petroleum to burn in lamps to provide light. They found petroleum seeping from cracks in rocks in certain locations. In fact, the word petroleum literally means "rock oil" and is derived from the Latin words for rock petra) and oil oleum). In the 19th century, as the U.S. entered the machine age and its population increased, the demand for petroleum to produce kerosene for lighting and as a machine lubricant also increased. Because there was no reliable petroleum supply, Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in the United States near Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859. The oil industry flourished for a time, but when Edison introduced the electric light in 1882, investors feared that the industry was doomed. However, the invention of the automobile in the 1890s soon revived the industry on a massive scale. 

Petroleum streams, from crude oil to products such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel... 

Kerosene from petroleum used for lamps—gasoline discarded... 

The manuscript entitled A Recommended Standard for Occupational Exposure to Refined Petroleum Solvents from the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, July 1977, recommended standards to be applied to occupational exposure of workers to the following refinery petroleum solvents petroleum ether, rubber solvent, varnish maker s and painter s naphtha, mineral spirits, Stoddard solvents, and kerosene are all included in the term refined petroleum solvents. According to these standards petroleum ether and rubber solvents which contain 1.5% benzene, varnish maker s and painter s naphtha which contain 1.5% benzene, mineral spirits which contain 13-19% aromatics, Stoddard solvent which contains 0.1% benzene, 140 Flash Aliphatic Solvent which contains 0.7% benzene, kerosene. NIOSH indicated that some ofthe refined petroleum solvents contain aromatic hydrocarbons including, in some cases, benzene. Standards were applied, among others, to reduce the benzene exposure. Among others, the use of respirators and skin protective devices were required to protect from the effects of the solvents, as well as the benzene component. In his testimony in front of the Occupational Safety and Health... 

Lukasiewicz discovered how to distill kerosene from petroleum in 1853. He dug the first modern oil well in 1846 and the world s first refinery in 1856. 

Kerosene (Abraham Gesner) Canadian geologist Gesner distills kerosene from petroleum. 

The branched chain alkanes yield water-soluble sulfonic acids which can be extracted from the mixture by water treatment leaving the insoluble n-alkanes behind. The reported explosion which occurred on mixing chlorosulfonic acid with n-hexane is probably associated with trace impurities of water and alkenes, both of which react vigorously with the reagent." Synthetic detergents have been manufactured by direct sulfonation of a dearomatised, desulfruised kerosene from petroleum distillates with chlorosulfonic acid using ethyl and butyl acetate as two separate solvent systems."... 

New data given by Burrows and Preece were for helium and three liquids (apiezon G.W. oil, silicone DC 702, and silicone DC 200) and were given as the Ostwald coefficients data for oxygen and nitrogen with respect to liquids such as kerosene, lubrication oils, and petroleum oils, from the work of others, were cited. For arguments on a molecular basis, such data have no significance. 

Petroleum and Petrochemical Processes. The first large-scale appHcation of extraction was the removal of aromatics from kerosene [8008-20-6J to improve its burning properties. Jet fuel kerosene and lubricating oil, which requite alow aromatics content (see Aviation and OTHER gas... 

Petroleum Oils. When satisfactorily stable kerosene—soap—water emulsions were produced in 1874, dormant (winter) oil sprays became widely used to control scale insects and mites (1). The first commercial emulsion or miscible oil was marketed in 1904 and by 1930 highly refined neutral or white oils, free from unsaturated hydrocarbons, acids, and highly volatile elements, were found to be safe when appHed to plant foHage, thus gready enlarging the area of usefulness of oil sprays (see Petroleum). 

Emulsives are solutions of toxicant in water-immiscible organic solvents, commonly at 15 ndash 50%, with a few percent of surface-active agent to promote emulsification, wetting, and spreading. The choice of solvent is predicated upon solvency, safety to plants and animals, volatility, flammabiUty, compatibihty, odor, and cost. The most commonly used solvents are kerosene, xylenes and related petroleum fractions, methyl isobutyl ketone, and amyl acetate. Water emulsion sprays from such emulsive concentrates are widely used in plant protection and for household insect control. 

Naphthenic acids occur ia a wide boiling range of cmde oil fractions, with acid content increa sing with boiling point to a maximum ia the gas oil fraction (ca 325°C). Jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fractions are the source of most commercial naphthenic acid. The acid number of the naphthenic acids decreases as heavier petroleum fractions are isolated, ranging from 255 mg KOH/g for acids recovered from kerosene and 170 from diesel, to 108 from heavy fuel oil (19). The amount of unsaturation as indicated by iodine number also increases in the high molecular weight acids recovered from heavier distillation cuts. 

M-iscellaneousFxtractions. Additional extractive separations using sulfolane involve (/) mercaptans and sulfides from sour petroleum (45) (2) /-butylstyrene from /-butylethjlbenzene (46) (J) mixtures of close boiling chlorosHanes (47) and (4) aromatics from kerosene (48—50), naphtha (49,51—53), and aviation turbine fuel (54). 

Pour point ranges from 213 K (—80°F) for some kerosene-type jet fuels to 319 K (115°F) for waxy No. 6 fuel oils. Cloud point (which is not measured on opaque fuels) is typically 3 to 8 K higher than pour point unless the pour has been depressed by additives. Typical petroleum fuels are practically newtonian liqmds between the cloua point and the boiling point and at pressures below 6.9 MPa (1000 psia). 

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