Kerosene burning characteristics

Because of its clean burning characteristics, kerosene commands a higher price than other fuels in its boiling range. 

The essential properties of kerosene are flash point (ASTM D-56, ASTM D-93, ASTM D-3828, IP 34, IP 170, IP 303), distillation range (ASTM D86, ASTM D-1160, ASTM D-2887, ASTM D-6352), burning characteristics (ASTM D-187, IP 10), sulfur content (ASTM D-129, ASTM D-2622, ASTM D-3120, ASTM D-3246, ASTM D-4294, ASTM D-5453, ASTM D-5623, IP 61, IP 336, IP 373), color (ASTM D-156, ASTM D-1209, ASTM D-1500, ASTM D-1554, ASTM D-2392, ASTM D-3830, ASTM D-6045), and cloud point (ASTM D-2500, ASTM D-5772, ASTM D-5771, ASTM D-5773, IP 219). In the case of the flash point (ASTM D-56), the minimum flash temperature is generally placed above the prevailing ambient temperature the fire point (ASTM D-92) determines the hre hazard associated with its handling and use. 

Acids can be present in kerosene aviation turbine fuels because of acid treatment during rehning. These trace acid quantities are undesirable because of the possibility of metal corrosion and impairment of the burning characteristics and other properties of the kerosene. The potential for metals in kerosene is less than it is for aviations fuels, but several of the same tests can be applied (Chapter 6). 

Olefins in kerosene also influence the burning characteristics and can be determined by the bromine number (ASTM D-1159, ASTM D-2710, IP 130). The bromine number is the number of grams of bromine that will react with 100 g of the sample under the test conditions. The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine-reactive constituents and is not an identification of constituents. It is used as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples and as percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315°C (600°F). In this test, a known weight of the sample dissolved in a specified solvent maintained at 0-5°C (32-41°F) is titrated with standard bromide-bromate solution. Determination of the end point is method dependent. 

Depending on the feed used, hydroprocessing can be used for the treatment of middle fractions, for example, to improve the burning characteristics of distillates, such as kerosene. Hydrotreatment of a kerosene fraction can convert aromatics into naphthenes. 

Important applications of liquid-liquid extraction include the separation of aromatics from kerosene-based fuel oils to improve their burning qualities and the separation of aromatics from paraffin and naphthenic compounds to improve the temperature-viscosity characteristics of lubricating oils. It may also be used to obtain, for example, relatively... 

Jet Fuels (Grades JP-3, JP-4, JP-S JP-6). Specifications for early aircraft jet fuels were based primarily on manufg considerations, since it was believed that aircraft could burn almost anything of the nature of kerosene fuels (Ref 1). Later improvements in aircraft, particularly in high-speed jets, made it necessary to pay more attention to fuel characteristics and less attn to ease of manuf. The most important of these fuel characteristics is fuel stability at high temps. Other problems associated with jet aviation fuels, both for military civilian use, are minor compared to stability at high temps. Such problems include availability, handling physical property specifications... 

Kerosene (kerosine, paraffin oil approximately boiling range 205 to 260°C, flash point approximately 25°C) is a flammable pale-yellow or colorless oily liquid with a characteristic odor. The term kerosene is also too often incorrectly applied to various fuel oils, but a fuel oil is actually any liquid or liquid petroleum product that produces heat when burned in a suitable container or that produces power when burned in an engine. 

Anything that will burn up can be called a fuel, and all fuels have certain chemical characteristics in common. Most of them contain carbon, hydrogen or both. They are usually organic hydrocarbons. The word organic means that the substance was once alive. Wood, for example, was once a tree. Coal comes from whole forests that were alive many eons ago. Charcoal also comes from wood, but in a different way. Oil, kerosene, benzine, even wax, all come from petroleum, which in turn comes from small drops of oil in the bodies of long-... 

Use of Different Fuels and Their Characteristics - The best commercial, dry, low NOx combustors today are optimized for clean-burning natural gas. However, with raised natural gas prices over the next decade, power plants may be forced to burn low-heating value fuel gas, products of gasification or low quality residual fuels. As the combustion becomes more complicated, e.g. lean-premixed combustors, to handle NOx emissions from different fuels is bound to become more complex, too. Hence, development of the catalytic combustor must also be directed towards fuels other than natural gas. These fuels could be other hydrocarbon feedstock, e.g. diesel fuels,which are more available than natural gas in some parts of the world, and kerosene,which is used for jet-turbines in aeroplanes. An increased use of renewable fuels, such as methanol, ethanol and low-heating value fuels derived from biomass or waste will also lead to a demand to put these fuels to use in gas turbines. ... 

This test method for naphthalene hydrocarbons is one of a group of tests used to assess the combustion characteristics of aviation turbine fuels of the kerosene boiling range. The naphthalene hydrocarbon content is determined because naphthalenes, when burned, tend to have a relatively larger contribution to a sooty flame, smoke, and thermd radiation than single ring aromatics. 

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