Kerosene ignition temperature

Cartridges containing only potassium chlorate were transported in safety to the site, where they were dipped for a definite time into kerosene just before use. Miedziankit was also manufactured by soaking potassium chlorate cartridges with kerosene in the explosive factory. Kerosene with an ignition temperature above 30°C was employed, to render the product safe for rail transport. According to T. Urbanski [76] the rate of detonation of Miedziankit is 3000m/sec in an iron pipe at a density of 1.7. 

Coal gas or LPG does not start to burn at ordinary temperatures. Kerosene also has a high ignition temperature. 

A minimum volatihty is frequently specified to assure adequate vaporization under low temperature conditions. It can be defined either by a vapor pressure measurement or by initial distillation temperature limits. Vaporization promotes engine start-up. Fuel vapor pressure assumes an important role particularly at low temperature. For example, if fuel has cooled to —40°C, as at arctic bases, the amount of vapor produced is well below the lean flammabihty limit. In this case a spark igniter must vaporize enough fuel droplets to initiate combustion. Start-up under the extreme temperature conditions of the arctic is a major constraint in converting the Air Force from volatile JP-4 to kerosene-type JP-8, the military counterpart of commercial Jet Al. 

Entflammprufung, /. ignition test flash test. Entflammung,/. inflammation flash. Entflammungs-probet /. flash test, -punkt, m. flashing point, flash point, -temperatur, /. kindhng temperature (of kerosene, etc.), flash point. 

Other properties of interest are carbon residue, sediment, and acidity or neutralization number. These measure respectively the tendency of a fuel to foul combustors with soot deposits, to foul filters with dirt and rust, and to corrode metal equipment. Cetane number measures the ability of a fuel to ignite spontaneously under high temperature and pressure, and it only applies to fuel used in Diesel engines. Typical properties ol fuels in the kerosene boiling range are given in Table 1. 

Experiments [43] with very high flash point fuels (JP, kerosene, Diesel, etc.) revealed that the flame propagation occurred in an unusual manner and a much slower rate. In this situation, at ambient conditions, any possible amount of fuel vapor above the liquid surface creates a gaseous mixture well outside the fuel s flammability limits. What was discovered [44, 45] was that for these fuels the flame will propagate due to the fact that the liquid surface under the ignition source is raised to a local temperature that is higher than the cool ambient temperature ahead of the initiated flame. Experimental observations revealed [45] that this surface temperature variation from behind the flame front to the cool region ahead caused a variation in the surface tension... 

Liquids. A vapor has to be produced at the surface of a liquid before it will bum. Many common liquids give off a flammable concentration of vapor in air without being heated, sometimes at well below room temperature. Gasoline, for example, gives off ignitable vapors above about -40°C, depending on the blend. The vapors are easily ignited by a small spark or flame. Other liquids, such as fuel oil and kerosene, need to be heated until sufficient vapor is produced. 

In the calciner, the liquid waste is pneumatically atomized from three nozzles at 85-140 gph into the heated 6-ft-deep fluidized bed of solidified granular waste at 400°-500°C. The process is endothermic therefore the bed is heated by in-bed combustion of an oxygen-atomized stream of kerosene. The process is started with a bed of granular material such as dolomite, which is replaced by calcine as the operation continues. By preheating the bed with externally-heated fluidizing air to a bed temperature of 360°-400°C, the atomized kerosene will ignite in the presence of a nitrate waste. 

Sodium and potassium are still produced today in similar ways. As shown in Equation (12.1), sodium is obtained from the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride to which some calcium chloride is added to lower the melting point. Although potassium can be prepared from the electrolysis of potassium chloride, it is more convenient to reduce that salt with sodium metal at elevated temperatures and continuously remove the potassium as a gas, as shown in Equation (12.2). Both sodium and potassium are soft, highly reactive metals that are easily cut with a knife. They react with water, as shown in Equation (12.3), to produce hydrogen gas, which can ignite in a manner that Henry Cavendish would find familiar. (See the discussion of reduction potentials in Section 12.3 for further details on this reaction.) These metals must be stored under inert substances such as mineral oil or even kerosene to keep them away from the water of the atmosphere. As you might expect, they are never found as the free metals in nature. 

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