Crude Tar Oils

Crude tar oils are the cmde products of the sulfate soaps which are separated from the black liquor of paper pulping. The contents of fatty acids and resin acids are increased through the cmde processing. For instance, the components of domestic cmde tar oil are listed as follows  

The components of several foreign crude tar oils are found in Tables 2.4 and 2.5. The flowchart of crude tar oils is shown in Fig. 2.2. The content of active ingredient of crude tar oils is twice as much as that of paper pulp products. And the component of crude tar oils is relatively steady. Therefore, the flotation performance of crade tar oils is relatively better. It should be pointed out that however, the contents of unsaturated fatty acids and resin acids are relatively higher. Therefore, the frothing capacity of crude tar oils is so high that cmde tar oils are hard to be applied in industry. 

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Crude tar oils Fatty acid and resin acid Oleic acid 28-43 % Linoleic acid 38-65 % Linolenic acid 0.5-2.0 % Stearic acid 4-10 % Palm acid 4-10 % Class A organic acid 95 % Class B organic acid 90 % Fatty acid 35-55 % Resin acid 30-55 % Neutral 4-20 % Acid value 115-175 Soap value 140-180 Making up aqueous solution mixed with hydrocarbon oil emulsified by emulsifier saponified with caustic soda emulsified by sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate and alkylsodiumsulfate... 

Conventional wastewater treatment techniques consist of physical/chemical treatments, including oil separation, dissolved gas flotation, and ammonia distillation (for removal of free cyanides, free sulfides, and ammonia) followed by biological treatment (for organics removal) and residual ammonia nitrification. Almost all residuals from coke-making operations are either recovered as crude byproducts (e.g., as crude coal tar, crude light oil, ammonium sulfate, or other sulfur compounds)... 

Poulson, R.E. Frost, C.M. Jensen, H.B. Characteristics of Synthetic Crude from Crude Shale Oil Produced by In-situ Combustion Retorting, In Shale Oil, Tar Sands, and Related Fuel Sources Yen, T.F., Ed ACS Adv. Chem. Ser. No. 151, 1976, 1. 

External Characters.— The colour, clearness and smell are noted. A yellowish colour indicates a poorly rectified or old or adulterated product (especially one containing crude pine oil). Turbidity or opalescence indicates the presence of suspended impurities, particularly water. The smell, which is well observed by rubbing a little of the oil between the hands, may indicate the presence of mineral or tar oils, etc. 

For the same coal, low-temperature liquids contain more tar acids and tar bases than high-temperature liquids. With high-temperature carbonization, the liquid products are water, tar, and crude light oil. The gaseous products are hydrogen, methane, ethylene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and nitrogen. The products other than coke are collectively known as coal chemicals, or by-products. 

Solvent extraction has found application for many years in the coal tar industry. Extraction of phenols from coal-tar distillates by washing with caustic soda solution can be considered such a process. In the isomer separation, a process for separation of m- and p-crcsol by dissociation extraction has been reported. Work is in progress in several parts of the world to use solvent extraction for the direct manufacture of chemicals from coal. Crude tall oil is a byproduct of pulp mills. It is refined by solvent extraction using propane or furfural. 

Coal-tar fraction. Residue of crude petroleum oil unspecified composition. Unspecified composition, but probably a high boiling fraction of coal tar. 

Distillation of the crude tar yields two groups of products (1) Complex mixtures resulting from fractional distillation and being sold under the names of solvent naphtha, light oil, dead oil, creosote oil, and anthracene oil (2) coal-tar crudes such as benzene, toluene, naphthalene, anthracene, and the less important cumene, carbazole, cresols, and pyridine. Coal-tar intennediates are prepared by purification of these crude products and are used in the manufacture of dyes and other products. 

Blaugas Coal Coal briquettes, hot Coal gas, 2.3 Coal gas, compressed, 2.1, 2.3 Coal tar, crude and solvent Coal tar distillates, flammable, 3, 3.2,3.3 Coal tar naphtha Coal tar oil Coke, hot Creosote Creosote (coal tar or wood tar) Creosote salts Cresols (o-, m-, p-), 6.1, 8 Cresols (ortho- meta- para-), liquid or solid, 6.1 Dead oil Fischer Tropsch gas Fischer-Tropsch gas compressed, 2.2 Iron oxide, spent (obtained fix)m coal gas purification), 4.2 Iron sponge, spent, 4.2 Iron sponge, spent (obtained from coal gas purification), 4.2 Prilled coal tar Synthesis gas Synthesis gas, compressed Water gas Water gas, compressed... 

The United Nations Institute for Training and Reseach (UNITAR) organized several International Conferences on Heavy Crudes and Tar Sands. The 1st was in Edmonton, Canada (1979), the 2nd in Caracas, Venezuela (1982), the 3rd in Long Beach, USA (1985), the 4th in Edmonton (1988), the 5th in Caracas (1991), the 6th in Houston, USA (1995), and the 7th in Beijing (1998). Although the proceedings of these symposia contain about 100 technical papers with an enormous amoimt of information on heavy crudes, tar sand oils, and bitumens, they carry rather limited information on extraheavy crude oil emulsions. 

In this context, it should be noted that the tar acids, which are mostly phenol, cresols, and xyle-nols, can be recovered by mixing the crude middle oils with a dilute solution of caustic soda, separating the aqueous layer, and passing steam through it to remove residual hydrocarbons. The acids are then recovered by treatment of the aqueous extract with carbon dioxide or with dilute sulfuric acid and are then fractionated by distillation in vacuo. 

The crude gas which leaves the gasifier contains tar, oil, phenols, ammonia, coal fines, and ash particles. The steam is first quenched to remove the tar and oil, and, prior to methanation, part of... 

Primary distillation of crude tar produces pitch (residue) and several distillate fractions, the amounts and boiling ranges of which are influenced by the nature of the crude tar (which depends upon the coal feedstock) and the processing conditions. For example, in the case of the tar from continuous vertical retorts, the objective is to concentrate the tar acids, (phenol, cresols, and xylenols) into carbolic oil fractions. On the other hand, the objective with coke oven tar is to concentrate the naphthalene and anthracene components into naphthalene oil and anthracene oil, respectively. 

Naphthalene is probably the most abnndant component in high-temperature coal tars. The primary fractionation of the crude tar concentrates the naphthalene into oils, which, in the case of coke-oven tar, contain the majority (75%-90%) of the total naphthalene. After separation, naphthalene can be oxidized to produce phthalic anhydride, which is used in the manufacture of alkyd and glyptal resins and plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride and other plastics. 

Pelroy and Petersen 41) recently demonstrated how complex organic mixtures such as shale oil may produce variable responses in the Ames Salmonella assay depending upon the composition of the chemical mixture. In the presence of the PAH fraction of shale oil, the mutagenicity of dimethylbenzacridine was inhibited by 75% however, in the presence of the basic fraction of shale oil, dimethylbenzacridine mutagenicity was reduced by only 22%. The basic fraction of shale oil contained primarily alkyl-substituted pyridines, anilines, pyrroles, and quinolines. The basic fraction was more mutagenic by itself than any of the other fractions (acidic, neutral, tar, PAH, crude shale oil) tested. 

Berthelot prepared ethylene iodide from ethylene/ but it had been prepared from ethylene and iodine by Faraday (1821, see p. 104). Berthelot discovered dihydronaphthalene/ tetrahydronaphthalene was discovered by Baeyer/ Berthelot discovered fluorene, C13H10, in crude anthracene and heavy coal-tar oil and named it on accountof its magnificent violet fluorescence, which is very faint with the pure substance. He discovered acenaphthene,... 

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