Hydrotreating Kerosene

Unfortunately, cetane engine number values for kerosene vary from below 40 to about 50. For this reason, cetane engine testing is always recommended when kerosene is blended into diesel fuel. Hydrotreated kerosene will probably have a higher cetane number than more aromatic kerosene. 

IARC (1989d) concluded that there was inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of jet fuel in humans and animals, but noted that there is limited evidence for the carcinogenicity in experimental animals of straight-run kerosene and hydrotreated kerosene. IARC s review included a cohort mortality study that found no increased cancer risk in men exposed to jet fuel, aviation kerosene, and other fuels in the Swedish Air force elevated risk for kidney cancer in men exposed to jet fuel in a Canadian case-control study and both positive and negative findings for skin cancer in studies of mice dermally exposed to jet fuels. 

Hydrotreated kerosene. See Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated light... 

Synonyms Distillate (petroleum), hydrotreated light Hydrotreated kerosene Kerosene (petroleum), hydrotreated Severely hydrotreated light distillates... 

Hydrotreated kerosene Hydrotreated light distillate Hydrotreated light distillate (petroleum). See Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated light Hydrotreated light naphtha (petroleum). See Naphtha, hydrotreated light Hydrotreated light petroleum distillates. See Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated light... 

In regard to kerosene, the hydrotreating processes are used to reduce aromatics in order to improve the smoke point. 

Tar Sands Canadian tar sands are strip-mined and extracted with hot water to recover heavy oil (bitumen). The oil is processed into naphtha, kerosene, and gasoline fractions (which are hydrotreated), in addition to gas (which is recovered). Tar sands are being developed in Utah also. 

The illustrated unit can be used to study vapor-phase reforming of kerosene fractions to high octane gasoline, or hydrogenation of benzene, neat or in gasoline mixtures to cyclohexane and methylcyclopentane. In liquid phase experiments hydrotreating of distillate fractions can be studied. The so-called Solvent Methanol Process was studied in the liquid phase, where the liquid feed was a solvent only, a white oil fraction. 

Hydrotreating essentially involves no reduction in molecular size with hydrogen consumption less than about 100 cu. ft./bbl. Primary application is to remove small amounts of impurities with typical uses including naphtha and kerosene hydrosweetening. 

As severity is decreased, aromatics and nitrogen in the product rise and the kerosene and naphtha must be further hydrotreated to make jet fuel and reformer feed. This type of operation constitutes Case 2A, with initial severity corresponding to about 2000 SCF of hydrogen consumed per barrel (Figure 5). The case was included to see if the reduction in the initial hydrotreating cost was larger than the increased cost due to the need for additional lower severity downstream processing. 

Feeds and Products, Barrels per Calendar Day Refinery Input High Severity Hydrotreating Catalytic Reforming Hydrogen Manufacture Recovery and Sulfur Plant Refinery Fuel Motor Gasoline Kerosene Jet Fuel By- Products... 

Aviation turbine fuels are manufactured predominantly from straight-run kerosene or kerosene-naphtha blends in the case of wide-cut fuels that are produced from the atmospheric distillation of crude oil. Straight-run kerosene from low-sulfur (sweet) crude oil will meet all the requirements of the jet fuel specification without further refinery processing, but for the majority of feedstocks, the kerosene fraction will contain trace constituents that must be removed by hydrotreating (hydrofining) or by a chemical sweetening process (Speight, 2000). 

Kerosene from naphthenic oil or high-sulfur crude oil requires hydrotreating, acid treatment and water wash, or extraction with a solvent and caustic wash and clay brightening to remove undesirable aromatics or... 

Jet A or A-l or JP8 (US Air Force) - a kerosene used by the world s airlines. These fuels are essentially a fraction distilled from crude oil mixed with some cracked material. Jet A fuels consist of 70-90% saturated hydrocarbons, 10-20% aromatics, but up to 30% aromatics in kerosenes. Sulfur compounds and alkenes are removed by hydrotreating. Jet fuels, like kerosenes comprise hydrocarbons in the C8-C17 range but the majority are found in the C10-C14 range. 

Hydrotreating is being employed extensively in the petroleum industry for processing a variety of feedstocks. Both straight-run and cracked petroleum products such as naphthas, kerosenes, middle distillates, gas oils (atmospheric and heavy vacuum types), cycle stocks, residues, asphalts, crudes, and shale oils may be so treated. The process primarily is employed as a pretreat previous to catalytic reforming or catal3d ic cracking. 

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