Spirits, white

White-spirits are solvents that are slightly heavier than SBP s and have boiling ranges between 135 and 205°C. A dearomatized grade exists. These solvents are used essentially as paint thinners although their low aromatic content makes them unsuitable for lacquers, cellulosic paints and resins. 

Naphthas constitute a special category of petroleum solvents whose boiling points correspond to the class of white-spirits (see paragraph 6.1). 

Table 7.8b White-spirits (see AFNOR information documents M15-006 and M15-014). ...

Internal stresses occur because when the melt is sheared as it enters the mould cavity the molecules tend to be distorted from the favoured coiled state. If such molecules are allowed to freeze before they can re-coil ( relax ) then they will set up a stress in the mass of the polymer as they attempt to regain the coiled form. Stressed mouldings will be more brittle than unstressed mouldings and are liable to crack and craze, particularly in media such as white spirit. They also show a characteristic pattern when viewed through crossed Polaroids. It is because compression mouldings exhibit less frozen-in stresses that they are preferred for comparative testing. 

Typically, the reaetion would be carried out at 140°C in white spirit with potassium carbazole as a catalyst. Davidge ° has reported problems in polymerisation of V-vinyl carbazole prepared from carbazole obtained from coal tar, attributing this to the presence of sulphur. To overcome these problems carbazole has been prepared synthetically by reactions of cyclohexanone with... 

Cobalt naphthenate is generally supplied in solution in styrene, the solution commonly having a cobalt concentration of 0.5-1.0%. The cobalt solution is normally used in quantities of 0.5-4.0% based on the polyester. The accelerator solution is rather unstable as the styrene will tend to polymerise and thus although the accelerator may be metered from burettes, the latter will block up unless frequently cleaned. Cobalt naphthenate solutions in white spirit and dimethyl phthalate have proved unsatisfactory. In the first case dispersion is difficult and laminates remain highly coloured whilst with the latter inferior end-products are obtained and the solution is unstable. Stable solutions of cobalt octoate in dimethyl phthalate are possible and these are often preferred because they impart less colour to the laminate. 

Cloud point. Measures the solubility/compatibility of a resin with solvents. The value reported is the temperature at which a specific mixture of a resin and a solvent or solvents blend gives a cloudy appearance, having been cooled from a temperature at which the mixture was clear. Commonly, a test tube of a given diameter is used and the temperature is noted when the lower end of the thermometer, placed at the bottom of the tube, disappears. Resins with cloud points below 0°C are commonly regarded as soluble and cloud points greater than 10°C indicate poor solubility/compatibility. White spirit with various aromatic contents is a widely used solvent in the determination of cloud point, but other solvents or solvents mixtures are also used. 

Fig. 22. Solution viscosity of an aromatic Cg resin as a function of softening point. 50 wt% resin in white spirit with 5 wt% aromatics (see p. 63 in [25]).

Dry cleaning - Several solvents exist to replace the ozone-depleting solvents that have traditionally been used by the dry cleaning industry. Perchloroethylene has been used for more than three decades. Petroleum solvents, while flammable, can be safely used when appropriate safety precautions are taken. They include white spirit, Stoddard solvent, hydrocarbon solvents, isoparaffins, and n-paraffin. A... 

Hydrofining has been applied to Varsols and various other solvents for the control of odor, sulfur, and corrosion characteristics. For example. Hydrofining of Iranian and Kuwait distillates demonstrated its effectiveness as a means of producing "White Spirit", a high-quality solvent naphtha distributed in the United Kingdom. 

Ldsttags beh ltefl m. solution (storage) tank, -benzin, n. benzine, mineral spirits, white spirit (a petroleum distillate), -benzol, n. solvent naphtha (a coaltar distillate containing alkylated benzenes), -dichte, /. concentration. -druck, m. solution pressure, -er-scheinung, /. phenomenon of solution. 

Terpentin-ersatz, m. turpentine substitute, white spirit, -fimis, m. turpentine varnish, -geist, m. spirits of turpentine (oil of turpentine). 

PairU) mineral spirits, white spirit, -gift, n. test poison, test toxin, -korper, m. test body, test piece, -mischung, /. test mbdng or mixture, -platte, /. test plate. 

Other resin solutions, in white spirit or stronger solvent blends, used as penetrating floor sealers include ... 

Generally formulated with mild solvents, such as white spirit ... 

Acrylated rubber These are based on styrene butadiene and have become commercially available only relatively recently. They are manufactured in several grades but most have the advantage over other materials in this class of being based on white spirit solvent rather than the stronger and more obnoxious xylol. In other respects, they are similar to chlorinated rubber and cost approximately the same, although they are easier to airless spray and the dried film contains less pores. They are considered to have superior weather resistance to chlorinated rubber and vinyl. 

Flammable liquids are widely used in many types of factories, and their misuse is responsible for many outbreaks of fire. The fire risks from the flammable liquids in common use such as petrol, paraffin, white spirit, cellulose solutions and thinners are well known, but these are only a few of the liquids which present hazards in industry. The variety of flammable liquids used in processes as solvents or carriers and for other purposes is constantly extending. 

Cold Solvents Solvents, for example, white spirit or paraffin, used either by immersion or by manual application are not to be recommended as effective, or particularly safe methods, of degreasing. When used by immersion, the holding tank can became heavily contaminated with soil, which will remain on the work after the solvent has evaporated. The use of solvent-soaked rags, although a time-honoured procedure, is now being frowned upon on the grounds of operator safety aqueous based pre-wipes are available. 

Those deposited in the cold from a solvent usually consist of lanolin or petrolatum mixtures in such solvents as white spirit or coal tar naphtha. The film is thinner than other soft films deposited by different methods. 

Another serious effect occurs with liquids which are not in themselves solvents but which may wet the polymer surfaces. These facilitate relief of frozen-in stresses by surface cracking which can be a severe problem in using many injection and blow mouldings with specific chemicals. Examples of this are white spirit with polystyrene, carbon tetrachloride with polycarbonates and soaps and silicone oils with low molecular weight polyethylenes. 

Of the instances of so-called solvent cracking of amorphous polymers known to the author, the liquid involved is not usually a true solvent of the polymer but instead has a solubility parameter on the borderline of the solubility range. Examples are polystyrene and white spirit, polycarbonate and methanol and ethyl acetate with polysulphone. The propensity to solvent stress cracking is however far from predictable and intending users of a polymer would have to check on this before use. 

Solutions in organic solvents may, with certain reservations, be used directly, provided that the viscosity of the solution is not very different from that of an aqueous solution. The important consideration is that the solvent should not lead to any disturbance of the flame an extreme example of this is carbon tetrachloride, which may extinguish an air-acetylene flame. In many cases, suitable organic solvents [e.g. 4-methylpentan-2-one (methyl isobutyl ketone) and the hydrocarbon mixture sold as white spirit ] give enhanced production of ground-state gaseous atoms and lead to about three times the sensitivity... 

The oil is dissolved in white spirit and the absorption to which this solution gives rise is compared with that produced from standards made up from vanadium naphthenate dissolved in white spirit. 

Preparation of the standard solutions. The standard solutions are prepared from a solution of vanadium naphthenate in white spirit which contains about 3 per cent of vanadium. Weigh out accurately about 0.6 g of the vanadium naphthenate into a 100 mL graduated flask and make up to the mark with white spirit this stock solution contains about 180/igmL-1 of vanadium. Dilute portions of this stock solution measured with the aid of a Grade A 50 mL burette to obtain a series of working standards containing from 10-40/igmL-1 of vanadium. 

Procedure. Weigh out accurately about 5 g of the oil sample, dissolve in a small volume of white spirit and transfer to a 50 mL graduated flask use the same solvent to wash out the weighing bottle and finally to make up the solution to the mark. 

Soya oil, 88.6 g, 20.0 g of pentaerythritol, and 0.06 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate are weighed into a 250-mL three-necked round-bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stirrer, a Dean-Stark separator, and nitrogen inlet and outlet. The reaction mixture is heated to 250°C for 30 min under nitrogen (note a below), then cooled to 200°C. Phthalic anhydride, 34.6 g, 0.70 g of maleic anhydride, and 8.0 g of xylene are added. The reaction mixture is heated to 230°C and the toluene-water azeotrope is removed by distillation. The reaction is stopped when the acid number of reaction medium is lower than 10 (note b below). After cooling to room temperature, 52 g of white spirit is added. 

---