Kerosene color

The pressure drops between Points A and C, between Points A and C, between Points A and B, and between Points A and B , denoted by -ApAC, -ApA C, -ApAB, and -A/Evb, respectively, are measured with inclined U-shape tubes filled with colored kerosene. The average of -ApAB and -ApA B- is taken as the pressure drop through the accelerating pipes, while that of -Ap v and -ApA c as the overall pressure drop across the impinging stream contactor, -ApT. Consequently, there should be... 

Strontium is softer than calcium and decomposes in water more vigorously. It does not absorb nitrogen below 380oC. It should be kept under kerosene to prevent oxidation. Freshly cut strontium has a silvery appearance, but rapidly turns a yellowish color with the formation of the oxide. The finely divided metal ignites spontaneously in air. Volatile strontium salts impart a beautiful crimson color to flames, and these salts are used in pyrotechnics and in the production of flares. Natural strontium is a mixture of four stable isotopes. 

The significance of the total sulfur content of kerosene varies greatly with the type of oil and the use to which it is put. Sulfur content is of great importance when the kerosene to be burned produces sulfur oxides, which are of environmental concern. The color of kerosene is of Htde significance but a product darker than usual may have resulted from contamination or aging in fact, a color darker than specified may be considered by some users as unsatisfactory. Kerosene, because of its use as a burning oil, must be free of aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons the desirable constituents of kerosene are saturated hydrocarbons. 

Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as shipped) Liquid Color. Colorless to light brown Odor. Like kerosene. 

With higher boiling stocks, mild Hydrofining of kerosene effects desulfurization, color improvement, and a reduction in wick char. Hydrofining improves odor and by reducing sulfur content makes the kerosene less corrosive. 

A two-color pyrometer has been used along with the phase-Doppler anemometer to simultaneously measure the local velocity and size of kerosene droplets and the temperature of burning soot mantle in a swirl burner.[648] The measurements were conducted within the flame brush that develops in the shear layer of a swirl-stabilized, gas-supported kerosene flame with a swirl number of about 0.19 and potential heat releases of 10.6 and 15.5 kW, respectively. The results showed that the maximum burning fraction of the droplets occurs adjacent to the region denoted as gas flame but the value ranges from 20 5 to 40 5% depending on the axial station, and decreases sharply across the shear layer. The flame mantle temperature was found to be independent of droplet diameter, which agrees with previous results in the literature. 

When exposed to the atmosphere, sodium amide rapidly takes up moisture and carbon dioxide. When exposed to only limited amounts, as in imperfectly sealed containers, products are formed which render the resulting mixture highly explosive.1 The formation of oxidation products is accompanied by the development of a yellow or brownish color. If such a change is noticed, the substance should be destroyed at once. This is conveniently accomplished by covering with much benzene, toluene, or kerosene and slowly adding dilute alcohol with stirring. 

However, inorganic acids are used in various processes to treat unfinished petroleum products such as gasoline and kerosene, and lubricating oil stocks are treated with sulfuric acid for improvement of color, odor, and other properties. 

Acid treating a process in which unfinished petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, and lubricat-ing-oil stocks, are contacted with sulfuric acid to improve their color, odor, and other properties. 

Physical Form. JP-4 is a colorless to straw-colored liquid with the odor of gasoline and/or kerosene. JP-7 is a liquid, usually colorless and with the odor of kerosene. JP-4 can be made by refining either crude petroleum oil or shale oil. It is called a wide cut fuel because it is produced from a broad distillation temperature range and contains a wide array of carbon chain lengths, from 4- to 16. It consists of approximately 13% (v/v) aromatic hydrocarbons, 1.0% olefins, and 86% saturated hydrocarbons. JP-7 is made by refining kerosene, a product of refined crude petroleum. It was developed for use in advanced supersonic jets because of its thermal stability and high flash point. ... 

Phenylenediamine (PDA) type antioxidants are naturally very dark in color. If used in water white fuels such as kerosene, 1 diesel, or even certain hydrocarbon solvents, the color can be degraded to failing Saybolt color values. 

Furfural A colorless liquid which changes to reddish brown upon exposure to light and air. Furfural forms condensation products with many types of compounds including phenols and amines. If present in kerosene or jet fuel, furfural may lead to color degradation. 

Early refiners utilized simple batch distillation to prepare kerosenes and lubricating oils. As the demand for these materials expanded and new crude oils were found, certain desirable and undesirable characteristics became apparent. Crude oils were selected from which products possessing desirable characteristics could be distilled—for example, oxidation stability, low smoke tendency, low carbon-forming tendency, small viscosity change with change in temperature (high viscosity index), light color, and attractive appearance were more likely to be found in petroleum of the paraffinic or Pennsylvania type. 

A 1-1. three-necked flask is equipped with a mercury-sealed stirrer, an inlet tube, and a reflux condenser which is connected through a soda-lime tube to a gas-absorption trap.1 The apparatus is dried in an oven and assembled rapidly to exclude moisture it is advisable to set up the apparatus in a hood to vent ammonia which may escape by accident. The flask is cooled in a Dry Ice-trichloroethylene bath, and 200 ml. of anhydrous (refrigeration grade) ammonia is introduced through the inlet tube from an ammonia cylinder which is either inverted or equipped with a siphon tube. Just before the apparatus is assembled, 8.1 g. (0.35 gram atom) of sodium is cut, weighed, and kept under kerosene in a small beaker. The Dry Ice bath is removed, the inlet tube is replaced by a rubber stopper, and a crystal of hydrated ferric nitrate (about 0.2 g.) is added. A small (about 5-mm.) cube of the sodium is cut, blotted rapidly with filter paper, and added quickly to the liquid ammonia. The solution is stirred until the blue color disappears, after which the remainder of the sodium is added in narrow, thin strips about as rapidly as... 

NS 5%(suitable for ignition rather than for detonation) and b)K chlorate 55 Pb thiocyanate 45% E)Colored smokes K chlorate 22-33, dye 30-50, Na or K bicarbonate 3-10, confectioner s sugar or lactose 20-35, kerosene or paraffin oil 2-4, kieselguhr 0-4 red iron oxide 0-3% F) Plastic Bonded colored smoke K chlorate 23, dye 51, sugar 18 K bicarbonate 8% combined with 2.2 parts of polyvinyl acetate plasticized by dichloro-methane and dried by evapn G) Cap mixtures a)K chlorate 67, red P 27, S 3 pptd Ca carbonate 3%, bound with unspecified amt of gum water and b)K chlorate 61, red P 4, black Sb sulfide 21,pptd Ca carbonate 2 animal glue 12% H)Railroad torpedo K chlorate 40, S 16, sand(60 mesh) 37, binder 5 8r neutralizer 2% I)Whistling compns K chlorate 73-77, gallic acid 24-19 red gum 3-4%(Ref 26,pp 270-80)... 

Mercury nitride forms a chocolate colored powder, which is slowly decomposed by water. The dry nitride tarnishes in air, and is slowly decomposed in acidic media. The nitride is very explosive, and must be handled with extreme care. It detonates violently yielding a white flame with a bluish purple border, and also when heated. The salt can be detonated by rubbing it with a rounded glass stir rod—very friction sensitive. Mercury nitride also easily detonates by shock, or percussion. Handle with care never store dry keep submerged in a water free solvent such as kerosene in amber glass bottles in a cool place. It is advisable to desensitize mercury nitride with gum Arabic, paraffin wax, or starch immediately after preparation, and these mixtures should be carefully blended using a wood spoon or plastic spatula—metal and glass should be avoided. ... 

Thus 500 ml. of commercial anhydrous liquid anunonia is introduced into the flask from a cylinder through an inlet tube. The liquid is stirred, and a 0.5-g. piece of potassium is removed from a container of kerosene, blotted with filter paper, and added. After the appearance of a blue color about 0.25 g. of ferric nitrate hydrate is added, followed by 0.5-g. pieces of potassium until 9 g. (0.23 mole) has been added. Discharge of the deep blue color after about 20 min. indicates complete conversion to potassium amide. In contrast to sodamide and lithium amide, which form suspensions in liquid ammonia, potassium amide appears to be mostly in solution, although the solutions are opaque and have been regarded by some workers as suspensions. 

Properties Clear, amber-colored, viscous liquid. D 1.005-1.015 (20/20C), refr index (20C) 1.5040. Insoluble in water incompatible with alkalies soluble in alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, kerosene, and nitro-methane. Combustible. 

Properties Water-white, mobile hquid pungent, suffocating odor. Turns to a pale-yellow color in contact with light and air. A lachrymator. D 0.8531 (20/20C), bp 102C, flash p 55F (12.7C), fp -69C, vap press 30 mm Hg (20C). Very soluble in water miscible with all proportions with alcohol, ether, benzene, toluene, kerosene, gasoline, solvent naphtha. 

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