Sediment kerosene

Other properties of interest are carbon residue, sediment, and acidity or neutralization number. These measure respectively the tendency of a fuel to foul combustors with soot deposits, to foul filters with dirt and rust, and to corrode metal equipment. Cetane number measures the ability of a fuel to ignite spontaneously under high temperature and pressure, and it only applies to fuel used in Diesel engines. Typical properties ol fuels in the kerosene boiling range are given in Table 1. 

Sedimentation Volumes of Carbon Black Dispersions in Kerosene (14)... 

Figure 1A. Sedimentation volume of 10 W% dispersions of carbon black in odorless kerosene as a function of 0L0A-1200 content and agitation time. Sedimentation time was 2A hours. Reproduced with permission from Ref. (1A). Copyright 1983, Elsevier Science Publishers.

Figure 15. Photograph of sedimentation of carbon black (10 W%) in odorless kerosene as a function of OLOA-1200 content. Agitated 150 hours, sedimented 2 A hours. 0L0A-1200 contents (a)-0, (b)-0.2, (c)-O.A, (d)-0.6, (e)-0.8, (f)-1.0, (g)-1.2, (h)-l.A, (i)-2.0, (j)-2.8, and (k)-A.O parts OLOA-1200 per 100 parts carbon black. Reproduced with permission from Ref. (1A) Elsevier Science Publishers.

Methods and technology were developed to analyze 1000 samples/yr of coal and other pollution-related samples. The complete trace element analysis of 20-24 samples/wk averaged 3-3.5 man-hours/sample. The computerized data reduction scheme could identify and report data on as many as 56 elements. In addition to coal, samples of fly ash, bottom ash, crude oil, fuel oil, residual oil, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, filtered air particulates, ore, stack scrubber water, clam tissue, crab shells, river sediment and water, and corn were analyzed. Precision of the method was 25% based on all elements reported in coal and other sample matrices. Overall accuracy was estimated at 50%. 

Ill-behaved dispersions nsnally drift with time, are sensitive to incoming drop-diameter distribution and to npstream energy inpnt. Examples inclnde most systems with kerosene-based immiscible systems. First approximation allow 20-min residence time or total overflow velocity of 0.35 L/s m. Feed concentration <10% v/v, size as sedimentation-controlled provided surfactants and contamination negligible and mixtnre is not ill-behaved. Use overflow total flow rate velocity of 0.5 to 3 L/s m based on horizontal cross-sectional area with a usual value of 1.4 L/s m. This is for a horizontal cylinder with length-to-diameter ratios of 3.5. Allow both phases to have >20% of the diameter and no less than 0.2 m to ensnre that the exit phases do not become cross contaminated. For process conttol, the minimnm distance between the high and low levels of the interface should be 0.36 m or at least 2 min residence time. 

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