Kerosene properties

Chem. Descrip. Formulated surfactant lenic Nature Nonionic Chem. Analysis < 0.5% moisture Uses Emulsifier for summer oil, mechanic oil, kerosene Properties Gardner < 1 liq. sp.gr. 0.997 pH 6.0 Sinomal MBX [Sino-Japan]... 

Chem. Descrip. Fatty acid DEA Ionic Nature Nonionic Uses W/o emulsifier for kerosene Properties Liq. 100% cone. 

Dearomatized or not, lamp oils correspond to petroleum cuts between Cio and C14. Their distillation curves (less than 90% at 210°C, 65% or more at 250°C, 80% or more at 285°C) give them relatively heavy solvent properties. They are used particularly for lighting or for emergency signal lamps. These materials are similar to kerosene solvents , whose distillation curves are between 160 and 300°C and which include solvents for printing inks. 

Properties of cuts Light gasoline Heavy gasoline Kerosene Diesel oil AR VD VR... 

Products excellent properties Kerosene smoke point 25-30 mm Diesel cetane number 55-60 Residue BMCl 15 VI 5= 125 No post-treatment... 

The products could be classified as a function of various criteria physical properties (in particular, volatility), the way they are created (primary distillation or conversion). Nevertheless, the classification most relevant to this discussion is linked to the end product use LPG, premium gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil, medium and heavy fuels, specialty products like solvents, lubricants, and asphalts. Indeed, the product specifications are generally related to the end use. Traditionally, they have to do with specific properties octane number for premium gasoline, cetane number for diesel oil as well as overall physical properties such as density, distillation curves and viscosity. 

Petroleum and Petrochemical Processes. The first large-scale appHcation of extraction was the removal of aromatics from kerosene [8008-20-6J to improve its burning properties. Jet fuel kerosene and lubricating oil, which requite alow aromatics content (see Aviation and OTHER gas... 

Properties. Shell s two-step SMDS technology allows for process dexibiUty and varied product slates. The Hquid product obtained consists of naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil in ratios from 15 25 60 to 25 50 25, depending on process conditions. Of particular note are the high quaHty gas oil and kerosene. Table 2 gives SMDS product quaHties for these fractions. 

Liquid fuels for ground-based gas turbines are best defined today by ASTM Specification D2880. Table 4 Hsts the detailed requirements for five grades which cover the volatility range from naphtha to residual fuel. The grades differ primarily in basic properties related to volatility eg, distillation, flash point, and density of No. 1 GT and No. 2 GT fuels correspond to similar properties of kerosene and diesel fuel respectively. These properties are not limited for No. 0 GT fuel, which allows naphthas and wide-cut distillates. For heavier fuels. No. 3 GT and No. 4 GT, the properties that must be limited are viscosity and trace metals. 

Combustion. The primary reaction carried out in the gas turbine combustion chamber is oxidation of a fuel to release its heat content at constant pressure. Atomized fuel mixed with enough air to form a close-to-stoichiometric mixture is continuously fed into a primary zone. There its heat of formation is released at flame temperatures deterruined by the pressure. The heat content of the fuel is therefore a primary measure of the attainable efficiency of the overall system in terms of fuel consumed per unit of work output. Table 6 fists the net heat content of a number of typical gas turbine fuels. Net rather than gross heat content is a more significant measure because heat of vaporization of the water formed in combustion cannot be recovered in aircraft exhaust. The most desirable gas turbine fuels for use in aircraft, after hydrogen, are hydrocarbons. Fuels that are liquid at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature are the most practical and widely used aircraft fuels kerosene, with a distillation range from 150 to 300 °C, is the best compromise to combine maximum mass —heat content with other desirable properties. For ground turbines, a wide variety of gaseous and heavy fuels are acceptable. 

The increase in fuel viscosity with temperature decrease is shown for several fuels in Figure 9. The departure from linearity as temperatures approach the pour point illustrates the non-Newtonian behavior created by wax matrices. The freezing point appears before the curves depart from linearity. It is apparent that the low temperature properties of fuel are closely related to its distillation range as well as to hydrocarbon composition. Wide-cut fuels have lower viscosities and freezing points than kerosenes, whereas heavier fuels used in ground turbines exhibit much higher viscosities and freezing points. 

Use of kerosene fuel rather than air as a coolant focuses attention on another fuel property, specific heat, which is a measure of its efficiency to... 

Other important properties include Hash point, volatility, viscosity, specific gravity, cloud point, pour point, and smoke point. Most of these properties are related directly to the boiling range of the kerosene and are not independently variable. The flash point, an index of fire hazard, measures the readiness of a fuel to ignite when exposed to a flame. It is usually mandated by law or government regulation to be 120° or 130° F (48° or 72° C), Volatility, as measured... 

Other properties of interest are carbon residue, sediment, and acidity or neutralization number. These measure respectively the tendency of a fuel to foul combustors with soot deposits, to foul filters with dirt and rust, and to corrode metal equipment. Cetane number measures the ability of a fuel to ignite spontaneously under high temperature and pressure, and it only applies to fuel used in Diesel engines. Typical properties ol fuels in the kerosene boiling range are given in Table 1. 

A modern refinery is a complicated collection of conversion processes, each tailored to the properties of the feed it has to convert. The scheme shown in Fig. 9.1 summarizes the most important operations some reasons for these processes are given in Tab. 9.2, along with relevant catalysts. First the crude oil is distilled to separate it into fractions, varying from gases, liquids (naphtha, kerosene and gas oil), to the heavy residue (the so-called bottom of the barrel ) that remains after vacuum distillation. 

At this temperature the specific heat capacity of 42° API kerosene is 2.47 kJ/kg°C (physical properties from D. Q. Kern, Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill). 

Example 15.2 A crude oil stream is to be preheated by recovering heat from a kerosene product in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The flowrates, temperatures and physical properties (at the mean temperatures) are given in Table 15.5. 

Formulations of chlorpyrifos include emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, granules, pellets, microencapsulates, and impregnated materials. Suggested diluents for concentrates include water and petroleum distillates, such as kerosene and diesel oil. Carrier compounds include synthetic clays with alkyl/aryl sulfonates as wetting agents (Table 14.1). Little information is available to assess the influence of various use formulations on toxicity, dispersal, decomposition, and bioavailability. Chemical and other properties of chlorpyrifos are summarized in Table 14.2 and Figure 14.1. 

Derived from spray dafa for water, kerosene, and special solutions over a broad range of air and liquid properties using lightscattering technique... 

The term white distillate is applied to all the refinery streams with a distillation range between approximately 80 and 360°C (175 to 680°F) at atmospheric pressure and with properties similar to the corresponding straight-run distillate from atmospheric crude distillation. Light distillate products (i.e., naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel fuel, and heating oil) are all manufactured by appropriate blending of white distillate streams. 

However, inorganic acids are used in various processes to treat unfinished petroleum products such as gasoline and kerosene, and lubricating oil stocks are treated with sulfuric acid for improvement of color, odor, and other properties. 

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