Kerosene physical properties

The products could be classified as a function of various criteria physical properties (in particular, volatility), the way they are created (primary distillation or conversion). Nevertheless, the classification most relevant to this discussion is linked to the end product use LPG, premium gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil, medium and heavy fuels, specialty products like solvents, lubricants, and asphalts. Indeed, the product specifications are generally related to the end use. Traditionally, they have to do with specific properties octane number for premium gasoline, cetane number for diesel oil as well as overall physical properties such as density, distillation curves and viscosity. 

At this temperature the specific heat capacity of 42° API kerosene is 2.47 kJ/kg°C (physical properties from D. Q. Kern, Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill). 

Example 15.2 A crude oil stream is to be preheated by recovering heat from a kerosene product in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The flowrates, temperatures and physical properties (at the mean temperatures) are given in Table 15.5. 

Table 8.3 Effect of volatilization on physical properties of residual kerosene. Reprinted from Galin Ts, Gerstl Z, Yaron B (1990) Soil pollution by petroleum products. Ill Kerosene stability in soil columns as affected by volatilization. J Cont Hydrology 5 375-385. Copyright 1990 with permission of Elsevier...

Changes in the chemical composition of the kerosene during volatilization also affect the physical properties of this petroleum product. Table 16.8 summarizes the effect of volatilization on kerosene viscosity, surface tension, and density when 20%, 40%, and 60% of the initial amount has been removed by the partial transfer of light hydrocarbon fractions to the atmosphere. Only the liquid viscosity is affected, with volatilization having a negligible effect on the density and surface tension of the kerosene. 

Example 3 Equipment Sizing and Costing Oil at 490,000 Ib/h is to be heated from 100 to 170°F with 145,000 Ib/h of kerosene initially at 390 F from another section of a plant. The oil enters at 20 psig and the kerosene at 25 psig. The physical properties are... 

Jet Fuels (Grades JP-3, JP-4, JP-S JP-6). Specifications for early aircraft jet fuels were based primarily on manufg considerations, since it was believed that aircraft could burn almost anything of the nature of kerosene fuels (Ref 1). Later improvements in aircraft, particularly in high-speed jets, made it necessary to pay more attention to fuel characteristics and less attn to ease of manuf. The most important of these fuel characteristics is fuel stability at high temps. Other problems associated with jet aviation fuels, both for military civilian use, are minor compared to stability at high temps. Such problems include availability, handling physical property specifications... 

Alkanes are used primarily as fuels, solvents, and lubricants. Natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, heating oil, lubricating oil, and paraffin wax are all composed primarily of alkanes, with different physical properties resulting from different ranges of molecular weights. 

Kerosene — A flammable oil characterized by a relatively low viscosity, specific gravity of approximately 0.8, and flash point close to 55°C. Kerosene lies between the gasolines and fuel oils in terms of major physical properties and is separated from these products during the fractional distillation of crude oils. Kerosene is used for wick lamps, domestic heaters and furnaces, fuel or fuel components for jet aircraft engines, and thinner in paints and insecticide emulsions. (See also Jet fuel.)... 

TBP meets most of these requirements except those of low viscosity and a density different from water. These deficiencies are corrected by diluting TBP with a light, saturated hydrocarbon, such as an aromatic-free kerosene. This solvent is the one most commonly used at present in fractional extraction of metals. The physical properties of TBP are summarized in Table 4.5 [FI, S4J. 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Colorless to amber-colored viscous liquid pungent, chlorine-like odor insoluble in water soluble in kerosene, many organic solvents decomposes in weak alkalis MP (-116°C, -176.8°F) BP (lyS C, 347°F) VP (0.00001 mm Hg at 25°C) DN (1.6g/mlat25°C). 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES colorless crystals or white to off-white powder odorless or slight, aromatic odor insoluble in water practically insoluble in dilute acids and alkalies soluble in acetone, benzene, ether, carbon tetrachloride, kerosene, morpholine, tetralin, and tributyl phosphate freely soluble in pyridine and dioxane solubility in organic solvents increases with elevated temperatures MP (108.5-109°C, 227-228°F) BP (260°C, 500°F) DN (1.5 g/cm ) SG (0.99 at 20°C) VP (1.5 x 10 mmHg at 20°C) UV MAX (236nm). 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES pale-yellow to dark brown liquid fish-like odor when warm sharp burning taste colorless and almost odorless oil in its pure state becomes viscous on exposure to air turns brown on exposure to air or light very hygroscopic very soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, kerosene, and oils miscible with water below 60°C on mixing nicotine with water the volume contracts MP (-79°C, -110°F) BP (247.3 C, 477°F) DN (1.0097 g/mL at 20°C) LSG (1.01) ST (38.61 dynes/cm at 20°C) VD (5.61) VP (1 mmHg at 61.8°C) OT (1.90 x 10 moles/liter taste detection in water). 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES colorless, mobile liquid odor-like gasoline and kerosene has a fast evaporation rate and a narrow distillation range does not solidify in the cold miscible... 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES white to light tan crystalline solid a liquid above 106°F (41°C) freely soluble in acetone, carbon tetrachloride, ether, methylene chloride, toluene, and kerosene practically insoluble in water MP (41°C, 106°F) BP (decomposes at 760 mmHg) SG (1.49) VD (NA) VP (8 x 10 mmHg at 20°C). 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES clear, colorless liquid kerosene-like odor miscible with alcohol, benzene, ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, and some oils insoluble in water MP (NA) BP (154-202°C, 309-396°F) DN (1.0 g/mL) LSG (0.78 at 20°C) VD (5.0 at boiling point) VP (2 mmHg (estimate) at 20°C) OT (1 ppm). 

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