Kerosene acidity

Nitric acid. Kerosene, Ammonium picramate. Ethanol Sodium picramate. Hydrochloric acid. Sodium nitrate Nitric acid. Diethanolamine, Acetic anhydride. Acetyl chloride. Acetone, Potassium carbonate Acetic anhydride. Hydrochloric acid. Diethanolamine, Methylene chloride. Nitric acid. Sodium bicarbonate Nitric acid. Diethanolamine, Hydrogen chloride. Sodium bicarbonate Diisopropylamine, Nitric acid... 

Nitric acid. Kerosene, Ammonium picramate. Ethanol Methyl green. Sodium picramate. Hydrochloric acid. Sodium nitrate... 

These workers [20] also examined thin layer chromatography of 2,4-DP (Dichloroprop) and MCPP (mixture of Mecoprop and 2-(2-chloro 4-methylphenoxy)propionic acid). In this method the ethyl ether extract of the sample is purified on a column of silicic acid and the herbicides are separated by thin layer chromatography on silica gel-kieselguhr (2 3) with light petroleum-acetic acid-kerosene (10 1 2) as solvent. The sensitivity is 3pg of either compound per litre, the average recoveries of Dichlorprop and MCPP are 85.7% and 87.4%, respectively, and the corresponding standard deviations were 13.9% and 15.5%. 

For waste management purposes, various solvent extraction processes primarily for the removal of Cs and °Sr from alkaline or weak acidic solutions have been developed on bench scale as well as on pilot scale [35,36]. Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid/kerosene system with Span 80 surfactant showed promise for the pertraction of °Sr from aqueous solutions. 

MaM, Chen B, Luo X, Tan II, He D, Xie Q, Yao S, Study on the transport selectivity and kinetics of amino acids through di(2-ethylhe.xyl) phosphoric acid-kerosene bulk liquid membrane. J Membr Sci 2004 234 101-109. 

SF96 (350) Carbopol 681-X1 Dleic Acid Kerosene Mi neral Spi rits... 

Mix Carbopol 681-X1 in SF 96 (350). Add oleic acid, kerosene and mineral spirits. Mix. Add this mixture to the water phase i n Step 1. 

Oleic Acid Kerosene Mineral Spirits DI Water... 

In a separate vessel, mix the silicone fluid, oleic acid, kerosene and the mineral spirits together. Add this to the above mixture with vigorous agitation. 

Uses Emulsifier, solubilizer, wetting agent for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, paints, inks, pesticides, leather treatment, metalworking fluids, polishes and cleaners, textiles, household and industrial prods. defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 176.210 40CFR 180.1001 (c) exempt Properties Amber Iiq. sol. in ethanol, oleyl alcohol, IPM, oleic acid, kerosene, butyl stearate partly sol. in water, olive oil, xylene, trichlorethyl-ene HLB 10.0 acid no. 2 max. sapon no. 96-104 hyd. no. 134-150 nonionic 97% cone. 

This refers to ethyl alcohol, which is made unfit for drinking, though its usefulness for other purposes is not affected. The following are some of the most commonly used denatur-ants methanol, camphor, amyl alcohol, gasoline, isopropanol, terpineol, benzene, castor oil, acetone, nicotine, aniline dyes, ether, pyridine, cadmium iodine, sulfuric acid, kerosene, and diethyl phthalate. These may be used either alone or in combination. One of the prime reasons for denaturing ethyl alcohol is taxation purposes. 

KELEX LIGAND (SOLVENT EXTRAaiON), SULFURIC ACID, KEROSENE ... 

HYDROCHLORIC ACID, PHOSPHOROUS ACID, WATER 150 X LIGAND, KELEX (SOLVENT EXTRACTION) SULFURIC ACID KEROSENE Unknown 75 X ... 

These compounds can be malodorous as in the case of quinoline, or they can have a plecisant odor as does indole. They decompose on heating to give organic bases or ammonia that reduce the acidity of refining catalysts in conversion units such as reformers or crackers, and initiate gum formation in distillates (kerosene, gas oil). 

Furfuryl alcohol is comparable to kerosene or No. 1 fuel oil in flammabiUty, the Tag Closed Cup flash point is 170°F. In the presence of concentrated mineral acids or strong organic acids, furfuryl alcohol reacts with explosive violence. Therefore, precautions should be taken to avoid contact of such materials with the alcohol. Caution is also recommended to avoid over-catalysis in the manufacture of furfuryl alcohol resins. 

Petroleum Oils. When satisfactorily stable kerosene—soap—water emulsions were produced in 1874, dormant (winter) oil sprays became widely used to control scale insects and mites (1). The first commercial emulsion or miscible oil was marketed in 1904 and by 1930 highly refined neutral or white oils, free from unsaturated hydrocarbons, acids, and highly volatile elements, were found to be safe when appHed to plant foHage, thus gready enlarging the area of usefulness of oil sprays (see Petroleum). 

The solution leaving the flotation cell, containing about 0.4 g/L iodine, is sent to a kerosene solvent extraction process to recover the dissolved product. After neutralization with soda ash to the initial incoming alkalinity, the solution is returned to the nitrate lixiviation process. The iodine-chaiged kerosene is contacted with an acidic concentrated iodide solution containing SO2, which reduces the iodine to iodide. 

The functional group ia collectors for nonsulfide minerals is characterized by the presence of either a N (amines) or an O (carboxyUc acids, sulfonates, etc) as the donor atoms. In addition to these, straight hydrocarbons, such as fuel oil, diesel, kerosene, etc, are also used extensively either as auxiUary or secondary collectors, or as primary collectors for coal and molybdenite flotation. The chain length of the hydrocarbon group is generally short (2—8 C) for the sulfide collectors, and long (10—20 C) for nonsulfide collectors, because sulfides are generally more hydrophobic than most nonsulfide minerals (10). 

The term naphthenic acid, as commonly used in the petroleum industry, refers collectively to all of the carboxyUc acids present in cmde oil. Naphthenic acids [1338-24-5] are classified as monobasic carboxyUc acids of the general formula RCOOH, where R represents the naphthene moiety consisting of cyclopentane and cyclohexane derivatives. Naphthenic acids are composed predorninandy of aLkyl-substituted cycloaUphatic carboxyUc acids, with smaller amounts of acycHc aUphatic (paraffinic or fatty) acids. Aromatic, olefinic, hydroxy, and dibasic acids are considered to be minor components. Commercial naphthenic acids also contain varying amounts of unsaponifiable hydrocarbons, phenoHc compounds, sulfur compounds, and water. The complex mixture of acids is derived from straight-mn distillates of petroleum, mosdy from kerosene and diesel fractions (see Petroleum). 

Naphthenic acids occur ia a wide boiling range of cmde oil fractions, with acid content increa sing with boiling point to a maximum ia the gas oil fraction (ca 325°C). Jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fractions are the source of most commercial naphthenic acid. The acid number of the naphthenic acids decreases as heavier petroleum fractions are isolated, ranging from 255 mg KOH/g for acids recovered from kerosene and 170 from diesel, to 108 from heavy fuel oil (19). The amount of unsaturation as indicated by iodine number also increases in the high molecular weight acids recovered from heavier distillation cuts. 

PermeOx is also used to improve the bioremediation of soils contaminated with creosote or kerosene (see Bioremediation (Supplement)), to deodori2e sewage sludges and wastewater (see Odormodification), and to dechloriaate wastewater and effluents. A special formulation of calcium peroxide, made by FMC and sold ia the United States under the trademark Trap2ene, is used for removing metal ions from acidic waste streams such as coal ash leachate and acid mine drainage (see Wastes, industrial). 

Sodium Dispersions. Sodium is easily dispersed in inert hydrocarbons (qv), eg, white oil or kerosene, by agitation, or using a homogenizing device. Addition of oleic acid and other long-chain fatty acids, higher alcohols and esters, and some finely divided soHds, eg, carbon or bentonite, accelerate dispersion and produce finer (1—20 -lm) particles. Above 98°C the sodium is present as Hquid spheres. On cooling to lower temperatures, soHd spheres of sodium remain dispersed in the hydrocarbon and present an extended surface for reaction. Dispersions may contain as much as 50 wt % sodium. Sodium in this form is easily handled and reacts rapidly. For some purposes the presence of the inert hydrocarbon is a disadvantage. 

Propjdene and butylene require much milder conditions for their sulfation with sulfuhc acid. Butylene is sulfated at 30—50°C and 300—600 kPa (ca 3—6 atm) with 30—60 wt % sulfuhc acid, and propylene is sulfated at 10—30°C and 500 kPa (ca 5 atm) with 65—85 wt % sulfuhc acid. The rate of sulfation of propylene increases sharply with increasing pressure (80). It can also be increased by the addition of kerosene, which raises the concentration of olefin in the hquid phase (81). 

There are a number of minerals in which thorium is found. Thus a number of basic process flow sheets exist for the recovery of thorium from ores (10). The extraction of mona ite from sands is accompHshed via the digestion of sand using hot base, which converts the oxide to the hydroxide form. The hydroxide is then dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the pH adjusted to between 5 and 6, affording the separation of thorium from the less acidic lanthanides. Thorium hydroxide is dissolved in nitric acid and extracted using methyl isobutyl ketone or tributyl phosphate in kerosene to yield Th(N02)4,... 

For extraction of uranium from sulfate leach Hquors, alkyl phosphoric acids, alkyl phosphates, and secondary and tertiary alkyl amines are used in an inert diluent such as kerosene. The formation of a third phase is suppressed by addition of modifiers such as long-chain alcohols or neutral phosphate esters. Such compounds also increase the solubihty of the amine salt in the diluent and improve phase separation. 

In TBP extraction, the yeUowcake is dissolved ia nitric acid and extracted with tributyl phosphate ia a kerosene or hexane diluent. The uranyl ion forms the mixed complex U02(N02)2(TBP)2 which is extracted iato the diluent. The purified uranium is then back-extracted iato nitric acid or water, and concentrated. The uranyl nitrate solution is evaporated to uranyl nitrate hexahydrate [13520-83-7], U02(N02)2 6H20. The uranyl nitrate hexahydrate is dehydrated and denitrated duting a pyrolysis step to form uranium trioxide [1344-58-7], UO, as shown ia equation 10. The pyrolysis is most often carried out ia either a batch reactor (Fig. 2) or a fluidized-bed denitrator (Fig. 3). The UO is reduced with hydrogen to uranium dioxide [1344-57-6], UO2 (eq. 11), and converted to uranium tetrafluoride [10049-14-6], UF, with HF at elevated temperatures (eq. 12). The UF can be either reduced to uranium metal or fluotinated to uranium hexafluoride [7783-81-5], UF, for isotope enrichment. The chemistry and operating conditions of the TBP refining process, and conversion to UO, UO2, and ultimately UF have been discussed ia detail (40). 

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