Kerosene, heavy

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Dormant oil Foliage oil Kerosene, heavy Plant spray oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. 

Jet Fuel JP-5 (Kerosene, Heavy) Oil Spray Kerosene Oil, Range... 

OILS, MISCELLANEOUS SPRAY Dormant oil, Foliage oil, Kerosene, heavy, Plant spray oil Combustible Liquid 0 2 0 ... 

Oils, Miscellaneous Spray Dormant Oil Foliage Oil Kerosene, Heavy Plant Spray Oil ... 

Petroleum refining, processing, and distribution are considered downstream activities and generally fall within the subject scope of the chemical engineer. Crude oil, transported from the ground to the refinery, is used to produce many products, including petrolenm gas, gasoline, kerosene, heavy oil (fuel oil), coke, asphalt, tar, and other byproducts. 

Isopropyl Acetate Isopropyl Aceute Kerosene. Heavy Oil Spray... 

In life cyde assessments, the problem arises that production systems may have more than one output. For instance, mineral oil refinery processes may generate not only feedstock for polymer production but also gasoline, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, and bitumen. In the case of multi-output processes, extractions of resources and emissions have to be allocated to the different outputs. There are several ways to do so [31]. Major ways to allocate are based on physical units (in the case of refineries, for example, energy content, hydrogen content, or weight of outputs) or on monetary value (price). There may also be allocation on the basis of substitution. In the latter case, the environmental burden of a coproduct is established on the basis of another similar product. Different kinds of allocation may lead to different outcomes of life cyde inventories. The outcome of the inventory stage is a list with all extractions of resources and emissions of substances causally linked to the functional unit considered. 

Dearomatized or not, lamp oils correspond to petroleum cuts between Cio and C14. Their distillation curves (less than 90% at 210°C, 65% or more at 250°C, 80% or more at 285°C) give them relatively heavy solvent properties. They are used particularly for lighting or for emergency signal lamps. These materials are similar to kerosene solvents , whose distillation curves are between 160 and 300°C and which include solvents for printing inks. 

The presence of thiophene and its derivatives in crude oils was detected in 1899, but until 1953, the date at which the methyl-thiophenes were identified in kerosene from Agha Jari, Iran crude oil, it was believed that they came from the degradation of sulfides during refining operations. Finally, their presence was no longer doubted after the identification of benzothiophenes and their derivatives (Table 8.9), and lately of naphthenobenzothiophenes in heavy cuts. 

Cut Ught gasoline Heavy gasoline Kerosene Gas oil Residue Crude... 

Gas Light gasoline Heavy gasoline Kerosene Gasoil Atmos, re d. 

The products could be classified as a function of various criteria physical properties (in particular, volatility), the way they are created (primary distillation or conversion). Nevertheless, the classification most relevant to this discussion is linked to the end product use LPG, premium gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil, medium and heavy fuels, specialty products like solvents, lubricants, and asphalts. Indeed, the product specifications are generally related to the end use. Traditionally, they have to do with specific properties octane number for premium gasoline, cetane number for diesel oil as well as overall physical properties such as density, distillation curves and viscosity. 

Heavy oil, ie, grade nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oils light oils, ie, no. 2 heating oil, kerosene, and jet fuel and petroleum coke are deflvered at... 

Naphthenic acids occur ia a wide boiling range of cmde oil fractions, with acid content increa sing with boiling point to a maximum ia the gas oil fraction (ca 325°C). Jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fractions are the source of most commercial naphthenic acid. The acid number of the naphthenic acids decreases as heavier petroleum fractions are isolated, ranging from 255 mg KOH/g for acids recovered from kerosene and 170 from diesel, to 108 from heavy fuel oil (19). The amount of unsaturation as indicated by iodine number also increases in the high molecular weight acids recovered from heavier distillation cuts. 

Domestic fuel oils are those used primarily in the home and include kerosene, stove oil, and furnace fuel oil. Diesel fuel oils are also distillate fuel oils, but residual oils have been successhjlly used to power marine diesel engines, and mixtures of distillates and residuals have been used on locomotive diesels. Heavy fuel oils include a variety of oils, ranging from distillates to residual oils, that must be heated to 260°C or higher before they can be used. In general, heavy fuel oil consists of residual oil blended with distillate to suit specific needs. Heavy fuel oil includes various industrial oils and, when used to fuel ships, is called bunker oil. 

Combustion. The primary reaction carried out in the gas turbine combustion chamber is oxidation of a fuel to release its heat content at constant pressure. Atomized fuel mixed with enough air to form a close-to-stoichiometric mixture is continuously fed into a primary zone. There its heat of formation is released at flame temperatures deterruined by the pressure. The heat content of the fuel is therefore a primary measure of the attainable efficiency of the overall system in terms of fuel consumed per unit of work output. Table 6 fists the net heat content of a number of typical gas turbine fuels. Net rather than gross heat content is a more significant measure because heat of vaporization of the water formed in combustion cannot be recovered in aircraft exhaust. The most desirable gas turbine fuels for use in aircraft, after hydrogen, are hydrocarbons. Fuels that are liquid at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature are the most practical and widely used aircraft fuels kerosene, with a distillation range from 150 to 300 °C, is the best compromise to combine maximum mass —heat content with other desirable properties. For ground turbines, a wide variety of gaseous and heavy fuels are acceptable. 

Fuel specifications from different sources may differ in test limits on sulfur, density, etc., but the same general categories are recognized worldwide kerosene-type vaporizing fuel, distillate (or gas ou ) for atomizing burners, and more viscous blends and residuals for commerce and heavy industry. Typical specifications are as follows. 

Tar Sands Canadian tar sands are strip-mined and extracted with hot water to recover heavy oil (bitumen). The oil is processed into naphtha, kerosene, and gasoline fractions (which are hydrotreated), in addition to gas (which is recovered). Tar sands are being developed in Utah also. 

Emulsion cleaners These are emulsified chlorinated solvents and are kerosene based, suitable for mineral oils (petroleum and heavy petroleum greases) and deep-drawn components, using lead compounds as lubricants. They are also suitable for non-ferrous metals. 

Vaporized fuel oil gas behaves very elosely to natural gas beeause it provides high performanee with a minimum reduetion of eomponent life. About 40% of the turbine power installed operates on liquid fuels. Liquid fuels ean vary from light volatile naphtha through kerosene to the heavy viseous residuals. The elasses of liquid fuels and their requirements are shown in Table 12-1. 

Kerosene 2 Oil 2 JP-4 Crude Heavy Libyan Navy Heavy Low-Ash... 

Absorption recovers valuable light components such as propane/propylene and butane/ butylene as vapors from fractionating columns. These vapors are bubbled through an absorption fluid, such as kerosene or heavy naphtha, in a fractionating-like column to dissolve in the oil while gases, such as hydrogen, methane, ethane, and ethylene, pass through. Absorption is effectively performed at 100 to 150 psi with absorber heated and distilled. The gas fraction is condensed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The liquid fraction is reused in the absorption tower. 

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