Sulfur content kerosene

The significance of the total sulfur content of kerosene varies greatly with the type of oil and the use to which it is put. Sulfur content is of great importance when the kerosene to be burned produces sulfur oxides, which are of environmental concern. The color of kerosene is of Htde significance but a product darker than usual may have resulted from contamination or aging in fact, a color darker than specified may be considered by some users as unsatisfactory. Kerosene, because of its use as a burning oil, must be free of aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons the desirable constituents of kerosene are saturated hydrocarbons. 

With higher boiling stocks, mild Hydrofining of kerosene effects desulfurization, color improvement, and a reduction in wick char. Hydrofining improves odor and by reducing sulfur content makes the kerosene less corrosive. 

Liberated gasses are drawn off at the top of the tower with the naptha. The gas is recovered to manufacture refrigerated liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The naptha is condensed at a temperature of about 52 °C (125 °F). Part of the condensed naptha is normally returned to the top of the tower. The naptha product stream is split into light naptha for gasoline blending and heavy naptha for further reforming. Inside the tower, kerosene is withdrawn at a temperature of about 149 °C (300 °F). Diesel is withdrawn at a temperature of 260 °C (500 °F). These middle distillates are usually brought up to specification with respect to sulfur content with hydrodesulfurization. The heavy oil... 

Merox. A proprietary catalytic process for extracting and converting mercaptans in naphtha and kerosene range hydrocarbons to reduce the sulfur content. 

D Very low pour point fuel for use in high-speed engines utilizing higher-sulfur-content fuel also for higher-sulfur kerosene applications... 

The problems created by sulfur have changed as the industry progressed just over twenty-five years ago the main problems were to make straight-run gasoline and kerosene without offensive odor and of suitably low sulfur content. Since then the complexities... 

Light Distillates (6). The main products in this category are gasolines and kerosenes. As far as sulfur is concerned in these products, in most countries there is now a fair agreement with regard to quality requirements. Both products are expected to have no objectionable smell, to pass a corrosion test, and to have sulfur content below 0.25% by weight. 

The review of processes and developments in connection with liquid products brings out the point that it is the products of lowest sulfur content—i.e., gasolines and kerosenes —that have had the most work done on them. Reasons for this include ... 

Commercial value of a petroleum liquid can be estimated quickly through measurement of the following physical characteristics . specific gravity, gasoline and kerosene content, sulfur content, asphalt content, pour point, and cloud point. 

The essential properties of kerosene are flash point (ASTM D-56, ASTM D-93, ASTM D-3828, IP 34, IP 170, IP 303), distillation range (ASTM D86, ASTM D-1160, ASTM D-2887, ASTM D-6352), burning characteristics (ASTM D-187, IP 10), sulfur content (ASTM D-129, ASTM D-2622, ASTM D-3120, ASTM D-3246, ASTM D-4294, ASTM D-5453, ASTM D-5623, IP 61, IP 336, IP 373), color (ASTM D-156, ASTM D-1209, ASTM D-1500, ASTM D-1554, ASTM D-2392, ASTM D-3830, ASTM D-6045), and cloud point (ASTM D-2500, ASTM D-5772, ASTM D-5771, ASTM D-5773, IP 219). In the case of the flash point (ASTM D-56), the minimum flash temperature is generally placed above the prevailing ambient temperature the fire point (ASTM D-92) determines the hre hazard associated with its handling and use. 

Mobile applications of MCFCs have only been envisaged in the naval sector for ships and mititary submarines. Possible maritime fuels are liquefied natural gas (LNG), diesel, and kerosene the desulfurization step is critical as some of these fuels have high sulfur contents. An MCFC can provide a ship-board electric energy (auxiliary power unit, APU), while the conventional internal combustion engine provides mechanical energy the challenge of feeding the MCFC system with available fuels (marine diesel and kerosene) has been the topic of the EU-funded MC-WAP FP6 Project (MCFCs for Waterborne Application) [65]. 

Coxmtry (crude oil name) Gases Gasoline Kerosene Gasoil/ diesel Residue (fuel oil component) Sulfur content... 

Most crude oils contain some naphthenic acid. These acids tend to concentrate in those crude oil components that boil between kerosene and heavy gas oil. Naphthenic acid corrosion is characterized by a general thinning of stainless steel vessels and tower internals at temperatures between 450 to 750°F. Rates of corrosion are greatly accelerated in areas of high velocities. Naphthenic acid corrosion is retarded by HjS. Thus, process equipment containing hydrocarbons with higher sulfur contents are, to some degree, protected from naphthenic acid corrosion. 

Pure parathion is a pale yellow, practically odorless oil, which crystallizes in long white needles melting at 6.0° C. (17). It is soluble in organic solvents, except kerosenes of low aromatic content, and is only slightly soluble in water (15 to 20 p.p.m. at 20° to 25° C.). Peck (35) measured its rate of hydrolysis to diethyl thiophosphate and nitro-phenate ions in alkaline solutions. He found that the reaction kinetics are first order with respect to the ester and to hydroxyl ion. In normal sulfuric acid the rate of hydrolysis was the same as in distilled water. Peck concluded that hydrolysis takes place by two mechanisms—a reaction catalyzed by hydroxyl ions and an independent uncatalyzed reaction with water. He calculated that at a pH below 10 the time for 50% hydrolysis at 25° C. is 120 days in the presence of saturated lime water the time is 8 hours. The over-all velocity constant at 25° C. is k = 0.047 [OH-] + 4 X 10-6 min.-1... 

Kerosene or sometimes referred to as Fuel Oil 1 is a refined petroleum distillate. Kerosenes usually have flash points within the range of 37.8 °C to 54.4 °C (100 °F to 130 °F). Therefore unless heated, kerosene will usually not produce ignitable mixtures over its surface. In atmospheric burning smoke production normally occurs. It is commonly used as a fuel and a solvent. In some applications it is treated with sulfuric acid to reduce the content of aromatics, which bum with a smoky flame. 

The process is conducted in a vertical steel apparatus filled with the catalyst suspended in liquid ethylchloride. This mixture is treated by hydrogen chloride and ethylene, while the contents of the reactor are intensively agitated. With the formation of ethylchloride, the volume of the liquid in the apparatus grows therefore, the surplus of ethylchloride is constantly withdrawn from the reaction zone. Liquid ethylchloride, leaking from the reactor with catalyst particles, as well as dissolved hydrogen chloride, is vapourised, washed in a scrubber with a 10% alkaline solution, dried with sulfuric acid and condensed. The reaction gases, laden with ethylchloride vapours, are washed with water from hydrogen chloride, dried with concentrated sulfuric acid and sent into an absorber, where ethylchloride is extracted with kerosene. By distillation and subsequent condensation, ethylchloride is extracted from the obtained solution. 

Burning oil kerosene contains three main types of hydrocarbons— paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic— with a preponderance of the paraffinic type. This is in contrast to power kerosene, or tractor vaporizing oil, which has a comparatively high content of aromatics and naphthenes favorable for high octane rating. It may also contain slight amounts of sulfur in the form of a variety of organic compounds. 

Residual Fuel. The residual fuel produced by both the pilot and refinery meets all government specifications for low sulfur, high pour point 6 fuel oil. The residual fuels are in fact very "clean" as shown in Table VIII by the high hydrogen and low sulfur, metals, carbon and asphaltenes content. This stock is better utilized as cat cracker feed than residual fuel, since higher value gasoline and kerosene fuel can be easily produced via catalytic processing. 

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