Kerosene fraction

The illustrated unit can be used to study vapor-phase reforming of kerosene fractions to high octane gasoline, or hydrogenation of benzene, neat or in gasoline mixtures to cyclohexane and methylcyclopentane. In liquid phase experiments hydrotreating of distillate fractions can be studied. The so-called Solvent Methanol Process was studied in the liquid phase, where the liquid feed was a solvent only, a white oil fraction. 

Liquid fuels for use in internal-combustion engines are extracted and refined from crude oil, with diesel fuels being part of the middle distillate or kerosene fraction. Kerosene was initially derived from coal pyrolysis. The initial main use of this type of distillate was for the kerosene lamp, which had replaced lamps based on whale oil. 

Kerosene is also used as a solvent for herbicides and insect sprays. However, most ol the kerosene fraction in crude oils is used to make Diesel engine fuel and aviation jet fuel. 

In 1950 the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was banned in Germany by the allied forces. Sinarol, a high paraffinic kerosene fraction sold by Shell, was used as a substitute. This ban coincided with the rapid development of the European petrochemical industry, and in due time Fischer-Tropsch synthesis applied to the production of paraffins became uneconomic anyway. After the war there was a steady worldwide increase in the demand for surfactants. In order to continually meet the demand for synthetic detergents, the industry was compelled to find a substitute for /z-paraffin. This was achieved by the oligomerization of the propene part of raffinate gases with phosphoric acid catalyst at 200°C and about 20 bars pressure to produce tetrapropene. Tetrapropene was inexpensive, comprising a defined C cut and an olefinic double bond. Instead of the Lewis acid, aluminum chloride, hydrofluoric acid could now be used as a considerably milder, more economical, and easier-to-handle alkylation catalyst [4],... 

Sulfoxidation and sulfochlorination of of hydrocarbons for the production of detergents. Starting from kerosene fractions, processing rates in the United States and the former U.S.S.R. reached several thousand tons per year. 

Briefly, JP-4 is a wide-cut fuel developed for broad availability in times of need. JP-6 is a higher cut than JP-4 and is characterized by fewer impurities. JP-5 is specially blended kerosene, and JP-7 is a high-flash-point special kerosene used in advanced supersonic aircraft. JP-8 is a kerosene fraction that is modeled on jet A-1 fuel (used in civilian aircraft). For this profile, JP-4 will be used as the prototype jet fuel, due to its broad availability and extensive use. 

The production of the -paraffms, especially Cio-Cu, involves the use of zeolites to separate straight chain compounds from the kerosene fraction of petroleum. 

Thus -alkanes (C10-C14) separated from the kerosene fraction of petroleum (by urea complexation or absorption with molecular sieves) are now used as one source of the alkyl group. Chlorination takes place anywhere along the chain at any secondary carbon. Friedel-Crafts alkylation followed by sulfonation and caustic treatment gives a more linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) which is soft or biodegradable. The chlorination process is now the source of about 40% of the alkyl group used for the manufacture of LAS detergent. 

Radiomic a) RP-1, JP-4 JP-5 Kerosene Fractions b) IRFNA Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid c) UDMH Unsym Dimethyl Hydrazine 85-100 General purpose attitude control... 

Chlorinated kerosene fractions, preferably those of highly paraffinic nature, have been widely used as intermediates in the manufacture of so-called keryl benzene detergents. The volume of chlorinated hydrocarbons so used represents an appreciable contribution to the important alkyl aromatic sulfonate detergent output. 

The values given in Figure 4 for the relative amounts of the different types of hydrocarbons in the several broad fractions are more reliable for some of the fractions than for others. The data for the gasoline fraction, 40° to 180° C., are very reliable the data for the kerosene fraction, 180° to 230° C., are fairly reliable in the light gas-oil fraction, 230° to 300° C., the data for the n-paraffins and mononuclear and dinuclear aromatics are reliable, while the values for the branched paraffins and cycloparaffins are less reliable for the heavy gas-oil and light lubricant fraction, 300° to 400° C., the values are all interpolated from the values for the light gas-oil and the lubricant fraction for the lubricant fraction, all the values are reliable. 

Kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons (>C12 and higher) that was first manufactured in the 1850s from coal tar, hence the name coal oil is often applied to kerosene, but petroleum became the major source after 1859. From that time, kerosene fraction has remained a product of petroleum. However, the quantity and quality vary with the type of crude oil, and although some crude oils yield excellent kerosene quite simply, others produce kerosene that requires substantial refining. 

Pyrolysis of alkanes is referred to as cracking. Alkanes from the paraffins (kerosene) fraction in the vapor state are passed through a metal chamber heated to 400-700°C. Metallic oxides are used as a catalyst. The starting alkanes are broken down into a mixture of smaller alkanes, alkenes, and some hydrogen. 

Atmospheric crude tower, naphtha/kerosene fractionation section. 

Application Recovery via extraction of high purity C6-C9 aromatics from pyrolysis gasoline, reformate, coke oven light oil and kerosene fractions. 

The second system was formed from Span-80 and Tween-80, solutions of 20% total concentration and different ratios. It contained also 1 mol dm 3 NaCl and octane or hydrocarbons from the kerosene fraction as an organic phase. Producing optically transparent water solutions with a high solubilising ability turned to be a complicate problem. Such a solution was obtained only in a narrow HLB number range. It was necessary to heat the systems up to 60-70°C in order to destruct the O/W emulsion, followed by cooling to 21°C. 

Boiling higher than naphtha is the kerosene fraction, boiling typically 190 C to 230°C. This fraction is used for the production of jet-... 

The kerosene fraction is essentially a distillation fraction of petroleum. The quantity and quality of the kerosene vary with the type of crude oil some crude oils yield excellent kerosene but others produce kerosene that requires substantial refining. Kerosene is a very stable product, and additives are not required to improve the quality. Apart from the removal of excessive quantities of aromatics, kerosene fractions may need only a lye (alkali) wash if hydrogen sulfide is present. 

Aviation turbine fuels are manufactured predominantly from straight-run kerosene or kerosene-naphtha blends in the case of wide-cut fuels that are produced from the atmospheric distillation of crude oil. Straight-run kerosene from low-sulfur (sweet) crude oil will meet all the requirements of the jet fuel specification without further refinery processing, but for the majority of feedstocks, the kerosene fraction will contain trace constituents that must be removed by hydrotreating (hydrofining) or by a chemical sweetening process (Speight, 2000). 

Traditionally,has been manufactured only from straight-run components, but in recent years, however, hydrocracking processes (Speight, 1999 Speight and Ozum, 2002) have been introduced that produce high-quality kerosene fractions ideal for jet fuel blending. 

Very early lubricants were made by the simple distillation of petroleum to recover the lower boiling gasoline and kerosene fractions to give a residue useable as a lubricant. Lubricant quality could be improved by very simple additional processing to remove some of the less desirable components such as asphalt, wax and aromatics. Lubricants of this era relied on the inherent properties of the base oil because virtually no additives were used. 

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