Kerosene aromatics

In yet another test method for the determination of aniline, point and mixed aniline point (ASTM D-611, IP 2), the proportions of the various hydrocarbon constituents of kerosene can be determined. This test is most often used to estimate the aromatic content of kerosene. Aromatic compounds exhibit the lowest aniline points and paraffin compounds have the highest aniline points, with cycloparaffins (naphthenes) and olefins having aniline points between the two extremes. In any homologous series the aniline point increases with increasing molecular weight. 

Hydrogen partial pressure has an impact on the saturation of aromatics. A decrease in system pressure or recycle gas purity has a sharp effect on the product aromatic content. This will be especially true for kerosene aromatic content, which will in turn affect the kerosene product smoke points. 

Styrene-MA-divinylbenzene terpolymers have been prepared in kerosene,aromatic naphtha, " dioxane, " and benzene. " The terpolymers have also been prepared in benzene/methyl alcohol mixtures at 100°C, with BPO initiator.The fine powdery terpolymers are easily dispersed in poly(propylene), functioning both as a modifier and dye-assist agent. These products are also proposed as ion-exchange resins, membranes, and absorbents. Attempts to prepare the terpolymer from styrene, divinylben-zene, and monomethyl maleate failed to work as well, due to different copolymerization reactivity ratios.Addition of a small amount of 2-vinyl-pyridine to the styrene-MA-divinylbenzene termonomer mixture provided improved ion-exchange resins.The exchange capacity, i.e., metal-ion selectivity, was demonstrated and compared for a number of cations, including Fe", AP, nP, Co, Cu Na, and... 

Uses Emulsifier-solubilizer (degreaser) for min, spirits, kerosene, aromatics inch low-VOC soivs, provides wetting, detergency, and rinsing props, to engine cleaners, garage floor cleaners, oil rig cleaners, degreasers Properties Amber cl, Iiq, pH 8.8 (10%) 100% total solids Monamulse 1255 [Croda Inc]... 

In regard to kerosene, the hydrotreating processes are used to reduce aromatics in order to improve the smoke point. 

Whenever unvented combustion occurs iadoors or when venting systems attached to combustion units malfunction, a variety of combustion products win be released to the iadoor environment. Iadoor combustioa units include nonelectric stoves and ovens, furnaces, hot water heaters, space heaters, and wood-burning fireplaces or stoves. Products of combustion include CO, NO, NO2, fine particles, aldehydes, polynuclear aromatics, and other organic compounds. Especially dangerous sources are unvented gas and kerosene [8008-20-6] space heaters which discharge pollutants directly into the living space. The best way to prevent the accumulation of combustion products indoors is to make sure all units are properly vented and properly maintained. 

Petroleum and Petrochemical Processes. The first large-scale appHcation of extraction was the removal of aromatics from kerosene [8008-20-6J to improve its burning properties. Jet fuel kerosene and lubricating oil, which requite alow aromatics content (see Aviation and OTHER gas... 

Separation of Aromatic and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. Aromatics extraction for aromatics production, treatment of jet fuel kerosene, and enrichment of gasoline fractions is one of the most important appHcations of solvent extraction. The various commercial processes are summarized in Table 4. 

The term naphthenic acid, as commonly used in the petroleum industry, refers collectively to all of the carboxyUc acids present in cmde oil. Naphthenic acids [1338-24-5] are classified as monobasic carboxyUc acids of the general formula RCOOH, where R represents the naphthene moiety consisting of cyclopentane and cyclohexane derivatives. Naphthenic acids are composed predorninandy of aLkyl-substituted cycloaUphatic carboxyUc acids, with smaller amounts of acycHc aUphatic (paraffinic or fatty) acids. Aromatic, olefinic, hydroxy, and dibasic acids are considered to be minor components. Commercial naphthenic acids also contain varying amounts of unsaponifiable hydrocarbons, phenoHc compounds, sulfur compounds, and water. The complex mixture of acids is derived from straight-mn distillates of petroleum, mosdy from kerosene and diesel fractions (see Petroleum). 

Kerosene is beheved to be composed chiefly of hydrocarbons containing twelve to fifteen carbon atoms per molecule. Low proportions of aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons are desirable to maintain the lowest possible level of smoke during burning. Although some aromatics may occur within the boiling range assigned to kerosene, excessive amounts can be removed by extraction. 

The significance of the total sulfur content of kerosene varies greatly with the type of oil and the use to which it is put. Sulfur content is of great importance when the kerosene to be burned produces sulfur oxides, which are of environmental concern. The color of kerosene is of Htde significance but a product darker than usual may have resulted from contamination or aging in fact, a color darker than specified may be considered by some users as unsatisfactory. Kerosene, because of its use as a burning oil, must be free of aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons the desirable constituents of kerosene are saturated hydrocarbons. 

M-iscellaneousFxtractions. Additional extractive separations using sulfolane involve (/) mercaptans and sulfides from sour petroleum (45) (2) /-butylstyrene from /-butylethjlbenzene (46) (J) mixtures of close boiling chlorosHanes (47) and (4) aromatics from kerosene (48—50), naphtha (49,51—53), and aviation turbine fuel (54). 

Another sulfur dioxide appHcation in oil refining is as a selective extraction solvent in the Edeleanu process (323), wherein aromatic components are extracted from a kerosene stream by sulfur dioxide, leaving a purified stream of saturated aHphatic hydrocarbons which are relatively insoluble in sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide acts as a cocatalyst or catalyst modifier in certain processes for oxidation of o-xylene or naphthalene to phthaHc anhydride (324,325). 

Conventional Hydrofining of diesel oils does not improve octane number because octane number improvement, like smoke point improvement in kerosenes, requires samration of aromatics. Higher pressures are needed to gain appreciable aromatics samration and cetane number improvement. 

The naphthenes and aromatics both have cyclic (or ring-like) molecular structures and both possess high octane numbers. Napthenes are saturated and aromatics contain alternate double bonds on their ring. They are typically found in gasoline. The naphthenes also are an important part of kerosene. 

Parathion is very slightly soluble in water (20 parts per million), but is completely miscible in many organic solvents including esters, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aromatic and alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons, and animal and vegetable oils. It is practically insoluble in such paraffinic hydrocarbons as petroleum ether, kerosene, and refined spray oils (about 2%) unless a mutual solvent is used (1). 

Pure parathion is a pale yellow, practically odorless oil, which crystallizes in long white needles melting at 6.0° C. (17). It is soluble in organic solvents, except kerosenes of low aromatic content, and is only slightly soluble in water (15 to 20 p.p.m. at 20° to 25° C.). Peck (35) measured its rate of hydrolysis to diethyl thiophosphate and nitro-phenate ions in alkaline solutions. He found that the reaction kinetics are first order with respect to the ester and to hydroxyl ion. In normal sulfuric acid the rate of hydrolysis was the same as in distilled water. Peck concluded that hydrolysis takes place by two mechanisms—a reaction catalyzed by hydroxyl ions and an independent uncatalyzed reaction with water. He calculated that at a pH below 10 the time for 50% hydrolysis at 25° C. is 120 days in the presence of saturated lime water the time is 8 hours. The over-all velocity constant at 25° C. is k = 0.047 [OH-] + 4 X 10-6 min.-1... 

Hydrocarbon Microbiology biodegradation mechanisms of oil products (gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc.), pyrolysis, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, and ether fuels refining processes (e.g., oil product microbial desulfurization) and oil production processes (e.g., bacterial corrosion). 

Boylan and Tripp [76] determined hydrocarbons in seawater extracts of crude oil and crude oil fractions. Samples of polluted seawater and the aqueous phases of simulated samples (prepared by agitation of oil-kerosene mixtures and unpolluted seawater to various degrees) were extracted with pentane. Each extract was subjected to gas chromatography on a column (8 ft x 0.06 in) packed with 0.2% of Apiezon L on glass beads (80-100 mesh) and temperatures programmed from 60 °C to 220 °C at 4°C per minute. The components were identified by means of ultraviolet and mass spectra. Polar aromatic compounds in the samples were extracted with methanol-dichlorome-thane (1 3). 

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