Product developments

Against the background described above the main targets when developing new process engineering products are as follows. 

In order to reach the targets listed above, both technical and commercial aspects play an important role. Regarding the commercial aspects, the focus is on consumer goods marketing, i.e. investment goods marketing /2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5/. 

First of all, however, a suitable product has to be found. Here, the technical aspects come to the fore. The actual product development is usually carried out in the research and development laboratories of the companies. Highly trained natural scientists and engineers conduct experiments under strict secrecy in generously equipped laboratories to find new and better products, which will afterwards be tested. In the case of positive results, patent applications are usually filed for the new products to protect against competitors. 

Frequently, it does not concern completely new products, but further developments, for example a new detergent with improved handling or enhanced cleaning performance. 

To determine the profit opportunities of the new product, a so alled market analysis is usually carried out Questions regarding which price and quantity the product is sellable on the market have to be settled. This entails, for example, interviews and statistical analyses. Of course such interviews are fraught with uncertainties. 

As a part of the interest for more advanced applications of emulsion polymers, many have investigated the different ingredients in the polymerisation. In the beginning, different 

In a similar way, other polymers, such as PVC and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) homo-and copolymers, have been developed further into the wide range of products seen today. PVAc-based polymers are used as well in paint binders as in the very popular carpenter s glue. As paint binders, they compete with acrylates, but are less hydrolytically stable and therefore not as durable in moist environments and are less scrub resistant. They are, however, often used in less-expensive paints because of their lower cost. PVAc homopolymer 

Core-and-shell composite particles based on inorganic cores with a polymer shell have also been investigated by several researchers, but do not seem to have reached industrial products. The reason for this is probably the high cost and possibly limited benefits of this type of latexes compared to existing products. A similar type of product is composite particles based on pre-emulsified polymers such as epoxies or polyesters (alkyds) with a subsequent addition of new monomers and polymerisation. This technique is partly connected to the process of miniemulsion polymerisation described in Section 1.2.2. A type of core-and-shell particles or at least multiphase particles may be obtained in this type of process. However, industrial applications of this type of products are not found on a large scale yet. Applications of polymer particles, mainly made by emulsion polymerisation, in the biomedical field was concentrated initially in the areas of blood flow determination and in vitro immunoassays. Microspheres have been employed for the determination of myocardial, cerebral and other blood flow and perfusion rates. Polymer particles and lattices, in particular, have been extensively used in immunoassays, starting in 1956, with the development 

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When reaction rate equations can be given for the individual steps of a reaction sequence, a detailed modeling of product development over time can be made ... 

Figure 10.3-14. Product development over time for the species contained in Figure 10.3-11.

With the extensive knowledge available in oil chemistry, development of designer fats and oils is possible (34). This is of special interest to nutritionists who see the possibiUties for stmcturaHy designed fats to meet developing knowledge in clinical nutrition and food product development. 

One frozen dessert is made with Simplesse, a protein-based fat mimetic that contains no fat (37). Other dairy product developments include a fat flavor, produced by encapsulating milk fatty acids in maltodextrins (38) fat-free cottage cheeses and 2% fat milk, prepared by steam stripping cream with partial fat addback, with a cholesterol level about 60% lower than the starting material (39). 

Ryton fibers are high performance products developed by Phillips Petroleum Co. by reaction of -dichloroben2ene with sodium sulfide in the presence of a polar solvent according to the following ... 

Isocyanates are Hquids or soHds which are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions across the C=N double bond of the NCO group. Reactions with alcohols, carboxyUc acids, and amines have been widely exploited ia developiag a variety of commercial products. Cycloaddition reactions involving both the C=N and the C=0 double bond of the NCO group have been extensively studied and used for product development (1 9). 

New product development programs present another type of challenge to the researcher. Often the researcher has no guidelines for evaluating the new product and must formulate a unique plan for developiag enough iaformation to constmct a matrix that would show the risks and rewards of the project. Reference 6 presents 10 commandments for new-product development. 

Elements that the researcher evaluates about competitors include plants, processes, raw material costs and avakabiHty, distribution channels, product development skills, service faciHties, personnel, pricing poHcies, eg, does the competitor lead or foUow , and practices or concessions to secure and hold large customers. AH of these factors are weighed and then the researcher decides on a strategy for the company. 

The uses of spunbonded fabrics as coverstock in diapers and other personal absorbent devices will most likely remain unchallenged for the near term. Virtually any other nonwoven production method appears to be at a cost disadvantage opposite spunbonded polypropylene. There have been composite products developed from meltblown and spunbonded combinations, where areas of either improved hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity are desired. These products can be produced on-line at relatively low additional cost and offer high value to diaper manufacturers. Any competitive threat is likely to come from advances in film technology such as large improvements in perforated film used in segments of absorbent product appHcations, particularly sanitary napkins. 

Materials play an important role ia the electronics iadustry. The effectiveness of the electrical performance of the system, its reUabiUty, and its cost aU. depend on the packagiag materials used, which are chosen for their properties and appHcations. As a result, the practicing engineer must have ready access to current information on the materials that can be used ia product development. This article gives an overview of the various material choices for the elements of an electronic product. 

The nature of product development is such that it consists mote of a process than a single discrete event. As a result, the objective, eg, developing a high cleaning detergent that is safe to the environment, may take place over a series of steps, rather than occur in one single, identifiable action. 

As a result of the need for its disclosure, an inventor must disclose the best mode of practicing the invention that the inventor knows in drafting a patent appHcation. In some instances, the best mode may be the very commercial product developed by the inventor. However, in other instances the best mode may be an article, machine, or process which is economically or commercially impractical. Nonetheless, this embodiment needs to be disclosed in the patent. 

Citation Searching. In the scholarly Hterature, authors cite earHer pubHcations that relate to the work being reported, thus a subject relationship exists between the citing and cited Hterature. This relationship has formed the basis for the Science Citation Index and related products, developed by the Institute for Scientific Information. Known as Scisearch in its on-line version, the Science Citation Index has become an important information retrieval tool in the second half of the twentieth century. It has been used for straightforward subject searching, in which mode it complements traditional indexed databases and indexes. It has also become a popular tool for hihliometric studies of various sorts, such as attempts to measure the relative impact of research carried out by different individuals or organizations, or the relative impact of pubHcations in different journals. 

U.S. Laws and Regulations Related to Drug Product Development and Manufacture. Until early in the twentieth century, dmg products were made and sold in the United States having virtually no imposed control. QuaUty was generally poor. Many products were patent medicines of dubious value. Some were harmful and addicting. 

ISO 9000. The ISO 9000 series of standards was first issued in 1987 and then updated in 1994. The ISO 9000 standard describes the selection criteria for the four standards, ISO 9001—9004. ISO 9001 is composed of 20 items covering manufactured products from design and development in R D to commercial production and after-sale service or technical support. ISO 9002 has 19 of the items in 9001 describing the requirements of a quahty system for the manufacture of an item, such as chemicals, to a specification only the requirement relating to product development is omitted. Chemical companies seldom certify to ISO 9003, which describes the quahty system for a laboratory involved in final inspection and test. Finally, ISO 9004 presents guidelines for total quahty management. 

Do we have a quaUty process for rapid product development and market penetration Do we have a stream of product improvements Are we develop-ing common platforms for families of products (37) Are we developing improved processes concurrently with our new products How do we maintain our manufacturing processes at world-class levels (Fig. 5) (38) ... 

M. E. McGrath, M. T. Anthony, and A. R. Shapiro, Product Development Success Through Product and Cycle Time Excellence, Butterworth-Heinemann, Newton, Mass., 1992. 

The need for weU-trained technical service professionals is expected to continue as an essential aspect of the chemical industry, despite the phenomenal growth ia electronic methods of information storage, retrieval, and transmission. Advanced troubleshooting of complex customer processes and accelerated accurate product development and market introductions should continue to be principal elements of technical service personnel duties. Increased levels of integration, perhaps blurring the lines between suppHer and customer, may come to pass. There are already instances of personnel swapping between customers and suppHers for extended periods to allow cross-fertilization of ideas and provide more accurate perspectives for the companies involved in these efforts. Technical service and research personnel have been those persons most directly involved in such efforts. 

The pseudocross-links, generated by the hard-segment interactions, are reversed by heating or dissolution. Without the domain crystallinity, thermoplastic polyurethanes would lack elastic character and be more gum-like in nature. In view of the outlined morphology, it is not surprising that many products develop their ultimate properties only on curing at elevated temperature, which allows the soft- and hard-phase segments to separate. 

Alternatively, some subunit viral vaccines can be generated by rDNA techniques and expressed in a continuous ceU line or insect ceUs. Recent advances in bioreactor design and operation have improved the successful production of IPV in large-scale bioreactors. However, roUer bottles or flasks are stiU used for most current vaccine production. Development of insect ceU culture will allow for very large-scale Hquid suspension culture (143). Several vaccine candidates such as gpl60 for HIV and gD protein for herpes have been demonstrated in the insect ceU culture system. However, no vaccine has been approved for human use. 

The exact requirements for regulatory approval of a given product for veterinary purposes, whether prescription or over-the-counter, vary from country to country. Product development often takes a minimum of eight to ten years and usually requires large (> 10 x 10 ) sums of money. 

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