Development of products

Invention may result from many different types of scientific or engineering efforts and advances. However, invention can also arise through the simple appHcation of an idea that improves, refines, or otherwise modifies something that had been done previously. The simplest and most common area in which invention arises is in the development of products. 

Mildness nd Skin Additives. The increased frequency of bathing and the changing consumer need has necessitated the development of products having skin care benefits. In addition to the two most common additives, fatty acid and glycerol, there is a wealth of other additives which are frequendy used. Examples include lanolin, vitamin E, aloe vera gel, mineral oil, and baking soda. 

Of high purity, zirconium is a white, soft ductile and malleable metal. At 99% purity, when obtained at high temperatures it is hard and brittle. The rapid development of production techniques of zirconium has resulted because of its suitability for nuclear engineering equipment. 

Effectiveness is concerned with doing the right things rather than with doing things right. So if the system enabled management to stop the development of products for which there was no requirement, discover a potential safety problem, anticipate customer needs ahead of the competition, cut waste by 50%, successfully defend a product... 

The development of products in these categories has been guided by known market demands and many manufacturers have made use of established specifications for temporary protectives. 

In 1932 the first household detergent based on synthetic surfactants was brought into the market under the name FEWA (Feinwaschmittel). The product was produced from fatty alcohol sulfate by Bohme Fettchemie in Chemnitz. The shortage of the necessary natural raw materials caused by World War II led to the development of products based on more readily available raw materials [2],... 

The significance of corrosion protection has risen sharply in recent years for a number of reasons (1) because of efforts to reduce the metal content of parts (e.g., by using thinner metallic support structures) (2) with the use of new types of equipment and processes involving expensive equipment operated under extreme conditions, such as nuclear reactors and jet and rocket engines and (3) in connection with the development of products having extremely thin metal films, such as printed circuit boards and integrated circuits. 

Another major trend in performance chemicals is towards the development of products, e.g. drugs, pesticides, food additives, etc., that are more targeted in their action, with less undesirable side-effects. 

Within the broad framework of sustainable development, we should strive to maximize resource efficiency through activities such as energy and nonrenewable resource conservation, risk minimization, pollution prevention, minimization of waste at all stages of a product life-cycle, and the development of products that are durable and can be re-used and recycled. Sustainable chemistry strives to accomplish these ends through the design, manufacture and use of efficient and effective, more environmentally benign chemical products and processes". 

For developing reusable assets, you would generally want to apply many of the techniques in this book. Reuse means investing in the quality of software the old argument that we don t have time to document can have only a negative effect in a reuse culture. The development of products or applications will also use many of the same techniques, but the process can be quite different (for example, see Section 10.11, Heterogenous Components). 

As for oil, a correlation also exists for natural gas between new discoveries and the development of production, which usually follows the discoveries with some delay. Most gas fields were discovered at the end of the 1960s and during the 1970s another major discovery was the South Pars/North field in Iran and Qatar at the beginning of... 

Transportation in general is not a value on its own, but serves primary economic, social or private interests. Transport provides access to markets and production sites and thus helps to foster productivity and economic development of production, retail and service industries. Providing the possibility for people to move quickly and safely, modern transport systems furthermore help to use human capital more effectively and to create and develop cultural surroundings. Additionally, efficient transport networks and systems give all people access to high-level education facilities and to the health system. By that, transport helps to increase the quality of life. 

The articles of this book have been grouped into 3 parts. Part I focuses on the relationships between molecular structure and properties. Tailoring molecular structure for an intended apphcation is a principal component in product design. Part II describes the design and manufacture of various structured / multicomponent products. A key feature for consumer products is the assessment of qualitative product qualities that are required to satisfy the consumers wants and needs. Part III contains student design projects as well as views for the further development of product design. 

A reaction catalyzed by an enzyme is usually one step in a sequence of synthesis steps. In the very early phases of development of production processes, potential routes are identified and have to be tested for their feasibility. If a bioconversion step is included in a reaction sequence it is desirable that minimal workup is required for the application of the products of the preceding step. 

Since it was created in 1982, the FDA s Office of Orphan Products Development has been dedicated to promoting the development of products that demonstrate promise for the diagnosis and/or treatment of rare diseases or conditions. To locate such products, the Office of Orphan Products Development interacts with the medical and research communities, professional organizations, academia, and the pharmaceutical industry, as well as rare disease groups. The Office of Orphan Products Development administers the major provisions of the Orphan Drug Act, which provide incentives for sponsors to develop products for rare diseases. 

The results obtained by Warwel and Winkelmiiller provided the groundwork for the development of product-selective CM. In these reactions, the observed product selectivity was attributed to the diminished CM reactivity of stilbene relative to styrene. Indeed, subjecting an isolated homodimer to CM conditions constitutes a general strategy... 

This case study will summarize the development of a pan-coating process designed for the application of an enteric coating to a tablet product, provide insight into some of the early process optimization studies that were undertaken, and show how these ultimately facilitated the development of production-scale manufacturing processes. 

There have been continuous search for new substances that can improve biological functions and possibility of applying these compounds to promote well-being of human. This has resulted in development of products such as vitamins, dietary supplements, functional foods, nutraceuticals, phytochemicals, bio-chemopreventatives, and designer foods (Zeisel,... 

Such a comprehensive oppraoch towards the process selection has resulted in the development of production facilities which are simple, reliable and efficient thus permitting o very lorge through-put (34 x 10 m /d) to be produced ond processed on a single platform. 

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