Laboratory development

But as in this case the solid solution formation of AIPO4 in metastable h-quartz crystals of the poljmary system Li20-Mg0-Zn0-Al203-Si02 was of interest, the observations of the pure AlP04-Si02 system could be taken 

Further optimization of the transparency of the glass ceramic cannot be performed independently of the optimization of the homogeneous transfer- 

The insensitivity of Zerodur to variations in the time-temperature history during cooling of the base glass and ceramization was demonstrated by the following experiments. One series of experiments determined the time- 

All these results indicated that a transformation of an optically homogeneous base glass into an h-quartz s.s. glass ceramic would yield a similarly homogeneous material even for large castings, which had to be ceramized at much lower temperatures over a period of approximately 5000 h. 

With these data at hand, Schott informed the MPI that it was confident of realizing the proposed project successfully and that it would be interested in receiving the order for the fabrication of several mirror blanks. 

After several cycles of optimization Petzoldt finally came up with a composition (in wt%) of 57.2 Si02, 25.3 AI2O3, 6.5 P2O5, 3.4 Li20, 1.0 MgO, 

The main challenge of course still remained would it be possible to produce castings with 4 m in diameter and almost 1 m in thickness  

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In many cases an optimized method may produce excellent results in the laboratory developing the method, but poor results in other laboratories. This is not surprising since a method is often optimized by a single analyst under an ideal set of conditions, in which the sources of reagents, equipment, and instrumentation remain the same for each trial. The procedure might also be influenced by environmental factors, such as the temperature or relative humidity in the laboratory, whose levels are not specified in the procedure and which may differ between laboratories. Finally, when optimizing a method the analyst usually takes particular care to perform the analysis in exactly the same way during every trial. 

Ruggedness testing is often performed by the laboratory developing the standard method. Potential factors are identified and their effects evaluated by performing the analysis while the factors are held at two levels. Normally one level for each factor is that given in the procedure, and the other is a level likely to be encountered when the procedure is used by other laboratories. 

As of this writing, hybrid probe immunoassays are primarily in the laboratory development stage. Assays using the technology have been developed... 

Subsequently, several laboratories developed improvements in the early procedures. It was first recommended that the reaction be carried out at a low temperature ca. —T) for better results. A more notable improvement is the use of dimethylformamide-t-butanol as the solvent system, a temperature range of —20 to —25°, and the presence of triethyl phosphite during the reaction to reduce the hydroperoxide as it is formed. The triethyl phosphate which is produced is water soluble and overall yields are generally in the range of 60-70 %. 

Cavoy E., Deltent M. E, Lehoucq S., Miggiano D. (1997) Laboratory-Developed Simulated Moving Bed for Chiral Drug Separations. Design of the System and Separation of Tramadol Enantiomers, J. Chrotnatogr. A 769 49-57. 

As far as industrial applications are concerned, the easy scale-up of two-phase catalysis can be illustrated by the first oxo aqeous biphasic commercial unit with an initial annual capacity of 100,000 tons extrapolated by a factor of 1 24,000 (batch-wise laboratory development production reactor) after a development period of 2 years [4]. 

The photoelectric effect (the creation of an electrical current when light shines on a photosensitive material connected m an electrical circuit) was first obseiwed in 1839 by the French scientist Edward Becqiierel. More than one hundred years went by before researchers in the United States Bell Laboratories developed the first modern PV cell in 1954. Four years later, PV was used to power a satellite in space and has provided reliable electric power for space exploration ever since. 

The scientific and technical corrosion literature has descriptions and lists of numerous chemical compounds that exhibit inhibiting properties. Of these only a very few are ever actually used in practical systems. This is partly due to the fact that in practice the desirable properties of an inhibitor usually extend beyond those simply relating to metal protection. Thus cost, toxicity, availability, etc. are of considerable importance as well as other more technical aspects (see Principles). Also, as in many other fields of scientific development, there is often a considerable time lag between laboratory development and practical application. In the field of inhibition the most notable example of this gap between discovery and application is the case of sodium nitrite. Originally reported in 1899 to have inhibitive properties, it remained effectively unnoticed until the 1940s it is now one of the most widely employed inhibitors. 

The importance of the basal medium in culturing normal cells was demonstrated by Dr. Richard Ham (Ham and McKeehan, 1979). Dr. Ham s laboratory developed a number of different types of culture media, in which the concentrations of the individual nutritional components have been optimized to support the growth of specific types of normal, differentiated cells. The most widely used is nutrient mixture FI2, which contains nonessential, as well as essential, amino acids, a number of lipids, and trace elements (Table 5). 

Rapid transfer of laboratory-developed technology to pilot plant and production. 

Whereas commercial systems usually employ stirred mini vessels, laboratory-developed apparatus may be operated in flow-through mode. For mini-vessels (vials, wells), the titer plate format is typical and widely accepted. 

H. C. Lau. Laboratory development and field testing of succinoglycan as a fluid-loss-control fluid. SPE Drilling Completion, 9(4) 221-226, December 1994. 

In 1901, the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) - now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - was founded because of the increasing demand for various kinds of standards in the rapidly developing engineering industries. The early history of the NBS reference material program started in 1905 with a cooperative effort within the iron and steel industry whereby industrial analysts helped characterize the individual reference materials. Cooperation with NBS was recognized as a mark of achievement for the laboratory, so this effort served a dual purpose. It both helped the laboratory develop its measurement skills and also helped NIST understand the meastuement problems associated with a given matrix. 

In the OPMBS, the lead laboratory developed the analytical method for all analytes in ah commodities. The same laboratory validated the method for each commodity, to demonstrate that all the specific analytes for the commodity could be determined in accordance with analytical quality specifications. The method was then provided to the other three laboratories, each of which validated the method for its assigned commodities, to ensure that the method performed properly using the laboratory s equipment and personnel. 

Robert A. Bethem, ALTA Analytical Laboratory, developed the analytical method for the determination of acetanilide metabolites in water. The authors gratefully acknowledge Sharon J. Moran, Michael J. Miller, and David I. Gustafson of Monsanto Company for reading and reviewing this article, and Theresa M. Bix for editorial assistance. 

Apart from playing an important role in reducing many metal oxides (in some cases its use has been incorporated in commercial practice), hydrogen has also been exploited as a reductant for metal sulfides. However, the hydrogen reduction route for metal sulfides has not yet passed the laboratory development stage as the process involves interesting phyiscochemical principles. 

The Instrumentation and Laboratory Improvement (ILI) Program aids in the purchase of laboratory equipment for use in undergraduate laboratories at all levels. Annual funding has been 23 million for the past 5 years and is anticipated to remain at this level for the near future. Typically, 2300 proposals are received, resulting in approximately 600 awards per year. ILI has two components The major one accepts proposals for equipment only, the other, known as Leadership in Laboratory Development, seeks to support the development of exemplary national models for laboratory curricula by providing funds for personnel and supplies as well as for equipment. Five percent of the ILI budget is devoted to Leadership projects, and preliminary proposals are required. A 50% institutional match for equipment costs is necessary for all ILI proposals. The maximum allowable request from NSF is 100,000. In the 1992 competition, 60 proposals to initiate or improve materials science laboratories were received 15 were from departments of chemistry, the remainder from engineering units. 

A quarterly publication of the American Chemical Society. It reports research studies on various processes and unit operations. It is mainly concerned with laboratory developments. 

Metallophosphazenes are a new type of macromolecule designed to bridge the gap between polymers and metals. Although still at an exploratory stage of laboratory development, they may provide access to electronically-conducting polymers, magnetically-active polymers, macromolecular catalysts, electrode mediator systems, or polymers crosslinked by metal atoms. 

The Bureau of Mines, Denver Research Center and the Department of Energy, Environmental Measurement Laboratory, developed through parallel efforts, two closely related techniques for the measurement of 218p0 (RaA) diffusion coefficient spectra. This work was prompted by reports in the past 5 years indicating that the diffusion coefficient of unattached 218Po may vary due to various physical and chemical factors in different environments. The diffusion coefficient is important because it affects the amount and site of 218Po deposition in the respiratory tract. 

In contrast to the protein recovery methods discussed above, protein purification is still based predominantly on laboratory-developed procedures that are often not directly scalable because of the high costs of the chemicals employed, the difficulties... 

If machine or detergent manufacturer s research laboratories develop new improved wash programs, these can very easily be transferred retrospectively to machines in situ using existing update technology. Fig. 3.13 shows how a service technician could use a special infrared interface. Other manufacturers achieve the same result using a conventional PC interface. 

Tagatz, M.E., N.R. Gregory, and G.R. Plaia. 1982. Effects of chlorpyrifos on held- and laboratory-developed estuarine benthic communities. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 10 41 I -421. 

Tagatz, M.E. and J.M. Ivey. 1981. Effects of fenvalerate on field- and laboratory-developed estuarine benthic communities. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27 256-267. 

Xanthated fatty acid mixture is a new line of collectors, specifically designed for beneficiation of oxide copper ores that contain dolomitic and carbonaceous gangue minerals [19]. This collector was developed after extensive laboratory development testwork. The effectiveness of this collector was compared to a standard xanthate collector in a series of continuous locked cycle tests (Table 19.5). 

Bulatovic, S., Bigg, A.C.T., and Yen, T., Laboratory Development Testwork on Kolwezi and Komoto Oxide and Mixed Copper Cobalt Ores, Report of Investigation No. 3, 1979. 

A number of different depressant combinations were examined during a laboratory development test programme. Oxalic acid, citric acid and fluorosilicic acid were among the... 

The test article concentration is normally the highest nonirritating concentration. Several concentrations could be tested at the same time should one wish to establish a dose-response curve for induction. The test is easiest to perform if the vehicle is a standard nonirritating organic, such as acetone, ethanol, or dimethylformamide, or a solvent-olive oil blend. Until a laboratory develops its own historical control base, it is also preferable to include a positive control group. Either 0.25% dinitricholoro-benzene or 0.05% oxazalone are recommended for positive controls. If the vehicle for the positive control is different than the vehicle for the test material, then two vehicle control groups may be necessary. 

Interest in solution inhibition resist systems is not limited to photoresist technology. Systems that are sensitive to electron-beam irradiation have also been of active interest. While conventional positive photoresists may be used for e-beam applications (31,32), they exhibit poor sensitivity and alternatives are desirable. Bowden, et al, at AT T Bell Laboratories, developed a novel, novolac-poly(2-methyl-l-pentene sulfone) (PMPS) composite resist, NPR (Figure 9) (33,34). PMPS, which acts as a dissolution inhibitor for the novolac resin, undergoes spontaneous depolymerization upon irradiation (35). Subsequent vaporization facilitates aqueous base removal of the exposed regions. Resist systems based on this chemistry have also been reported by other workers (36,37). 

Small-scale laboratory tests can also be useful in the evaluation of unusual and unfamiliar mixtures produced by illicit experimenters. Colleagues in the UK s Forensic Explosives Laboratory developed the cartridge case test for this... 

What are the quantitative spectroscopic demands of the calibration How much impact will variation in the sampling interface (as opposed to analyzer instability) have on the likely calibration snccess and maintainability What issues concerning transport of laboratory-developed calibration models to the process analyzer need to be addressed ... 

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