Product development industrial models

Schmidt, C. W., Grossmann, 1. E. (1996). Optimization models for the scheduling of testing tasks in new product development. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 35,3498-3510. 

The automotive sector s quality assurance standard QS 9000 (1998) suggests a concurrent high level model, as opposed to the sequential model from BS 7000 (1997). This is shown in Figure 5.7. The automotive industry in particular has embraced the use of concurrent engineering models for product development, and this is reflected in the standards which facilitate their quality assurance programmes. A concurrent industrial model from the automotive sector will be discussed later. 

Before setting about the task of developing such a model, the product development process requires definition along with an indication of its key stages, this is so the appropriate tools and techniques can be applied (Booker et al., 1997). In the approach presented here in Figure 5.11, the product development phases are activities generally defined in the automotive industry (Clark and Fujimoto, 1991). QFD Phase 1 is used to understand and quantify the importance of customer needs and requirements, and to support the definition of product and process requirements. The FMEA process is used to explore any potential failure modes, their likely Occurrence, Severity and Detectability. DFA/DFM techniques are used to minimize part count, facilitate ease of assembly and project component manufacturing and assembly costs, and are primarily aimed at cost reduction. 

The N-Zyme Biotec business model unites three areas synergistically (i) strategic alliances in R D, (ii) a module-based services system for the manufacture and modification of proteins, and (iii) product development. Mainly oriented to the Health Sector, its capabilities could be extended to other industries. 

Bacteria represent a promising source for the production of industrial enzymes. Bacterial cellulases are an especialfy interesting case in point. Many thermophilic bacterial species produce cellulases that are stable and active at high temperature, resistant to proteolytic attack, and stable to mechanical and chemical denaturation. However, cellulase productivities in bacteria are notoriously low compared to other microbial sources. In this paper bacterial enzyme production systems will be discussed with a focus on comparisons of the productivities of known bacterial cellulase producers. In an attempt to draw conclusions concerning the regulation of cellulase synthesis in bacterial systems, a tentative model for regulation in Acidothennus cellulofyticus has been developed. 

Arguably, given its immediate and direct impact on public health, the pharmaceutical industry has additional reasons to achieve a higher level of technological execution where product quality is assured by effective automated systems and where variability sources are understood and minimized. Even removing this motivation, this industry should embrace model-based optimization enthusiastically, since it has reduced cost and accelerated product development across many other industries. 

Adsorption is an important unit process in chemical processing, air pollution control, and water and wastewater treatment. In several applications, the adsorbate is a mixture of a number of compounds. Industrial and domestic wastewaters typically contain a wide spectrum of compounds in differing concentrations. Even in single solute systems, biological decay may result in end products that compete with the solute for the available sites on the surface of the adsorbent. It is, therefore, desirable to develop a model to describe the kinetics of multicomponent adsorption. 

An application case study of the production network optimization model is reported in Chapter 5. In this context the integration of the optimization model into a planning tool to support interactive explorations of the solution space is demonstrated and guidance on how to develop the data required for quantitative strategic network design analyses is provided. Additionally, important analyses that can be performed using the proposed optimization model are introduced and improvement potentials identified in the course of a pilot application in industry are explained. 

In the Frank-Kamenetskii model, the surroundings temperature is set equal to the temperature of the reacting solid. Thus, there is only a small temperature gradient between this element and the wall, so only a limited heat transfer to the surroundings. This simplification establishes the above described criteria, but it is not really representative of a certain number of industrial situations. In fact, there are numerous situations where the surrounding temperature different from the initial product temperature, for example, discharging of a hot product from a dryer to a container placed at ambient temperature, and so on. Therefore, Thomas [7] developed a model that accounts for heat transfer at the wall. He added a convective term to the heat balance ... 

Benzene occupies a special place in the field of organic chemistry. It is an especially stable compound, and because of this stability, substituted benzenes are widely distributed among natural products and industrial chemicals. Efforts by organic chemists to understand this stability have contributed significantly to our current models for the electronic structure of organic compounds and have led to the development of theories that not only explain the special properties of benzene but also help to explain and predict which other compounds have this special stability that has come to be called aromaticity. 

Numerous industrial applications of applied thermodynamics have been reported in the literature for engineering analysis of wide varieties of chemical systems and processes. For example, Chen and Mathias reported examples of physical property modeling for the high-density polyethylene process and for sulfuric acid plants. Here, we present two recent examples that are illustrative of numerous applications of applied thermodynamics models in the industry for various process and product development studies. 

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