ENGINEERING PRACTICES

Technical requirements Sound engineering practice, essential requirements tarticle 3t The directive includes a particular technical requirement with respect to equipment which presents only a minor pressure hazard. For such equipment the essential requirements and the certification procedures are not applicable. Instead the so-called sound engineering practice of one of the Member States must be applied. That practice must ensure that design and manufacture takes into account all relevant factors influencing safety during the intended lifetime. The equipment must be accompanied with adequate instruetions for use and must bear the identification of the manufacturer. The CE-marking shall not be applied for such equipment. 

Center for Chemical Process Safety. In 1985, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers estabHshed the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) (New York). The objective of the CCPS was to help prevent catastrophic chemical accidents by compiling information on the latest scientific and engineering practices, safety programs, and adininistrative procedures of the larger members of the chemical industry, so that they can be shared with other (and particularly the smaller) members of the chemical and petrochemical industries. 

F. Clark, Insulating Materials for Design and Engineering Practice, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1962. 

T. Alan Hatton, Ph.D., Ralph Landau Professor and Director of the David H. Koch School of Chemical Engineering Practice, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Founding Fellow, American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Association of Colloid and Interface Scientists, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Neutron Scattering Society of America (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)... 

Regulatoiy. The safety system must be consistent with all applicable codes and standards as well as generally accepted good engineering practices. ... 

Establishing and publishing the latest scientific and engineering practices (not standards) for the prevention and mitigation of incidents involving hazardous materials,... 

Advancing the state-of-the-art in engineering practices and technical management through research in prevention and mitigation of catastrophic events, and... 

In order to quantify the sometimes intangible elements of variability associated with the product design and the safety aspects in service requires an understanding of risk . The assessment of risk in terms of general engineering practice will be discussed next. This will lead to a better understanding of designing for quality and reliability, which is the main focus of the book. 

A proposed product development process that facilitates designing capable and reliable products has been outlined above. It must be stressed that the product development process itself will not produce quality products, and consideration of many issues are crucial to success, such as company strategy, management structure, commitment, sufficient resources, communication, and most importantly proficient engineering practices, such as the following. 

Burns, R.S. and Richter, R. (1995) A Neural Network Approach to the Control of Surface Ships, Journal of Control Engineering Practice, International Federation of Automatic Control, Elsevier Science, 4(3), pp. 411M16. 

Heat is measured in term.s of the calorie, defined as the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water at a pressure of 1 atmosphere firom 15 to 16 °C. This unit is sometimes called the small calorie, or gram calorie, to distinguish it from the large calorie, or kilocalorie, equal to 1000 small calories, which is used in nutritional studies. In mechanical engineering practice in the United States and the United Kingdom, heat is measured in British thermal units (Btu). One Btu is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 ° F and is equal to 252 calories. 

The Corrective Action Plan (CAP) relies on the sequential performance of activities which are conventional engineering practices. These activities include problem identification, development and evaluation of alternatives, and the implementation of the selected alternative. The three analogous phases identified in the CAP are as follows ... 

Because of the multitude of engineering materials and the profusion of material-oriented literature it is not possible to describe specific engineering practices in detail in a single chapter. However, we can outline general criteria for parallel evaluation of various materials that can assist in proper selection. The following is a list of general guidelines that can assist in material selection ... 

Cheremisinoff, P. N., and R. A. Young. Pollution Engineering Practice Handbook (Ann Arbor, MI Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975). 

Inspections and tests are performed on the process equipment following recognized and accepted engineering practices. The inspection and test frequency is consistent with manufacturers recommendations, good engineering practices, and prior operating experience. 

---