Market introduction

Polymerization. The first successful polymerizations of VDE in aqueous medium using peroxide initiators at 20—150°C and pressures above 30 MPa were described in a patent issued in 1948 (73). About a year later, the first copolymerizations of VDE with ethylene and halogenated ethylenes were also patented (74). After a hiatus of over 12 years a commercially feasible process was developed and PVDE was ready for market introduction (2). 

Table 1. Year of Discovery or Market Introduction of Some of the More Important Antibiotics...

The need for weU-trained technical service professionals is expected to continue as an essential aspect of the chemical industry, despite the phenomenal growth ia electronic methods of information storage, retrieval, and transmission. Advanced troubleshooting of complex customer processes and accelerated accurate product development and market introductions should continue to be principal elements of technical service personnel duties. Increased levels of integration, perhaps blurring the lines between suppHer and customer, may come to pass. There are already instances of personnel swapping between customers and suppHers for extended periods to allow cross-fertilization of ideas and provide more accurate perspectives for the companies involved in these efforts. Technical service and research personnel have been those persons most directly involved in such efforts. 

Refer the project back to the R D department for an improvement of the formula or the packaging (this can easily cost huge amounts of money and delay market introduction by years, especially if alternatives had not been thought of or had been prematurely deleted from the stability program). 

Information about the market introduction of new additives is easily accessible by means of various annual reports in Plastics Engineering (e.g. refs [75,76]), Modern Plastics International [77], Plastics Additives and Compounding (e.g. ref. [78]) or otherwise (Additives for Polymers, etc.), as well as regular conferences such as AddCon, AddPlast and SPE meetings. For business opportunities for 2002-2006, see ref. [79]. 

Microsystems is a term first introduced in Europe the late 1980 s and early 1990 s referring to a new generation of miniaturized micro systems consisting of sensing, processing and actuation components. Europe (MST), the USA (MEMS-Micro-ElectroMechanicalSystems) and Japan (MicroMachines) are the key drivers in the development and market introduction of MST products with Europe taking the lead in the commercialisation of MST products. 

Although sol-gel chemistry is known for decades now, examples of successful market introductions are limited. Furthermore almost all existing sol-gel treatments are solvent-based and consequently difficult to handle. As the global leader in water-based sol-gel chemistry, Evonik offers today a broad variety of commercialized water-based products, which are also available in tons-scale.9... 

Levofloxacin, 27 223, 225 year of disclosure or market introduction, 3 6t Levoglucosan, 4 705 Lewis acid catalysts, 72 162 Lewis acid mediated Diels—Alder chemistry, 27 257... 

Lineweaver-Burk equation, 14 627 Line widths, broadening, 23 131 Linewidth studies, 14 621-622 Linezolid, 3 26, 30, 36 17 733, 735 year of disclosure or market introduction, 3 6t... 

Nalidixic acid, 3 29 21 104, 123, 215 year of disclosure or market introduction, 3 6t N-alkylation reactions of aniline, 2 785-786 microwaves in, 16 557-558 Naltrexone drug delivery, 9 65—66 Nameplate capacities, 23 547-548 Nametre viscometer, 21 739 NAND arrays, 22 258 Nanoaluminum composites, 10 19, 20 Nanoassemblies, shell and core cross-linked, 20 489-490 Nanocar, 24 62 Nanocarbon materials, 1 718-722 Nanoceramics, 1 705-708 Nanoclays, 11 313-314... 

EPA s D.G. Bannerman reviewed these impacts on the market introduction of new chemicals. He summarized EPA s experience and analyzed the classes and types of new chemicals, company size, market areas, and, among other data, the number of notified chemicals actually reported to be commercialized. He stressed a new joint industry-EPA program to assist the smaller chemical companies to comply with TSCA, especially with premanufacturing notification. This will minimize negative impacts on product innovation without reducing the effectiveness of EPA s assessment of risks of new chemicals. 

The most recent wave for hydrogen-vehicle market introduction arose with announcements by Daimler and Toyota in 1997 of the production of fuel-cell cars in 2004 (see Fig. 8.1). After this, other car manufacturers joined the hydrogen race. 

The various types of fuel cells are at somewhat different stages in the technology cycle the MCFC is ready for market introduction but faces the typical problem of a new technology, i.e., is expensive because of the lack of economies of scale for its production and the lower cost of its technical rivals (engine-driven co-generation and microturbines). From the technical point of view, the phase of euphoria has almost passed for PEMs and SOFCs and further R D activities are necessary for these two types to match the technical performance of their competitors or the necessary cost level for fuel cells to be technologically and economically ripe for the market. Only the DMFC has reached a standard that allows its use in niche markets, like caravans or yachts, despite poor efficiency levels. 

Looking at the transport application and the concerns of automotive technicians, interest is still restricted. One reason is that fuel-cell vehicles are not yet ready for marketing. The market introduction scenarios are shown in Chapter 14. Another reason is that the biggest share of the automotive turnover comes from buying and selling vehicles (82%) and not from maintenance and repair. In Germany, maintenance only constitutes 6%, repairs 4% and accident repairs 8% (DAT-Veedol-Report, 2001). 

The beginning of the possible market introduction of hydrogen passenger cars in the most optimistic scenarios is around 2015, which is also in line with the implementation plan of the European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP, 2007). The Reference scenario features high policy support, fast learning, concentrated users, early network and no country-specific bounds. 

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