Product development modeling

Product development models 5.2.1 Overview of product development models... 

Product development models are the driving force for delivering the product to market on time and at the right cost. In general, the models in the literature can be divided into just two types sequential and concurrent. Each has its own characteristics, but there are several requirements that a new product development model should fulfil (Sum, 1992) ... 

Ong SK, Xu QL, Nee AYC (2008) Design reuse in product development modeling, analysis and optimization. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore... 

Product-development models and product-development process... 

NICPPD model May-Plumlee, T., Little, T.J. 1998. No-interval coherently phased product-development model for apparel. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology... 

On product development models, Ogliari (1999) mentions that various available types can be found in the following literature Back (1983), Rosenthal (1992), Vincent (1989), Wheelwright and Clark (1992), Cooper and Edgett (1999), Pahl et al. (2005) Rozenfeld et al. (2006) and Backet et al. (2008), where the primary difference between them are denominations of their phases, but with their sequences and concepts remaining almost constant. 

When reaction rate equations can be given for the individual steps of a reaction sequence, a detailed modeling of product development over time can be made ... 

Many attempts have been made to develop models which predict the behavior of materials undergoing size reduction. One proposal is that the energy expended in size reduction is proportional to the new surface formed (5). Another theory is that the energy required to produce a given reduction ratio (feed size product size) is constant, regardless of initial feed particle size (6). Practical results show, however, that both these theories are limited in their usehilness. 

Focus For the purposes of this discussion, a model is a mathematical representation of the unit. The purpose of the model is to tie operating specifications and unit input to the products. A model can be used for troubleshooting, fault detection, control, and design. Development and refinement of the unit model is one of the principal results of analysis of plant performance. There are two broad model classifications. 

There is a need for verification techniques in DFQ that can be used in the early and critical product development phases, where the quality is determined, i.e. can be applied on abstract and incomplete product models (Morup, 1993). The CA methodology is largely a verification technique that aims to achieve this. 

It must be extensible, because not all features of product development will be foreseen at the time that the model is developed, for example new tools and techniques might emerge... 

Figure 5.6 Sequential versus concurrent model for product development (Maylor, 1996)...

The automotive sector s quality assurance standard QS 9000 (1998) suggests a concurrent high level model, as opposed to the sequential model from BS 7000 (1997). This is shown in Figure 5.7. The automotive industry in particular has embraced the use of concurrent engineering models for product development, and this is reflected in the standards which facilitate their quality assurance programmes. A concurrent industrial model from the automotive sector will be discussed later. 

Before setting about the task of developing such a model, the product development process requires definition along with an indication of its key stages, this is so the appropriate tools and techniques can be applied (Booker et al., 1997). In the approach presented here in Figure 5.11, the product development phases are activities generally defined in the automotive industry (Clark and Fujimoto, 1991). QFD Phase 1 is used to understand and quantify the importance of customer needs and requirements, and to support the definition of product and process requirements. The FMEA process is used to explore any potential failure modes, their likely Occurrence, Severity and Detectability. DFA/DFM techniques are used to minimize part count, facilitate ease of assembly and project component manufacturing and assembly costs, and are primarily aimed at cost reduction. 

Here, we shall examine a series of processes from the viewpoint of their kinetics and develop model reactions for the appropriate rate equations. The equations are used to andve at an expression that relates measurable parameters of the reactions to constants and to concentration terms. The rate constant or other parameters can then be determined by graphical or numerical solutions from this relationship. If the kinetics of a process are found to fit closely with the model equation that is derived, then the model can be used as a basis for the description of the process. Kinetics is concerned about the quantities of the reactants and the products and their rates of change. Since reactants disappear in reactions, their rate expressions are given a... 

Many different types of models may be produced to aid product development, test theories, experiment with solutions, etc. However, when the design is complete, prototype models representative in all their physical and functional characteristics to the production models may need to be produced. When building prototypes, the same materials, locations, subcontractors, tooling, and processes should be used as will be used in actual production so as to minimize the variation (see also clause 4.4.8.3). 

Prototyping basically provides a 3-D model suitable for use in the preliminary evaluation of form, design, performance, and material processing of products, molds, dies, etc. When properly used this automatic/fast system can accelerate product development, improve product quality, and time to the market for a product. 

The validity of the model is tested against the experiment. A ISOOcc canister, which is produced by UNICK Ltd. in Korea, is used for model validation experiment. In the case of adsorption, 2.4//min butane and 2.4//min N2 as a carrier gas simultaneously enter the canister and 2.1//min air flows into canister with a reverse direction during desorption. These are the same conditions as the products feasibility test of UNICK Ltd. The comparison between the simulation and experiment showed the validity of our model as in Fig. 5. The amount of fuel gas in the canister can be predicted with reasonable accuracy. Thus, the developed model is shown to be effective to simulate the behavior of adsorption/desorption of actual ORVR system. 

Van Trijp, J.C.M. and Steenkamp, J.E.B.M., Consumer-oriented new product development principles and practice, in Innovation of Food Production Systems, Jongen, W.M.E. and Meulenberg, M.T.G., Eds., Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, 1998, 37. Luning, P.A. and Marcehs, W. 1., A food quality management functions model. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 18, 159, 2007. 

The CleanGredients development model engages a multi-stakeholder coalition of participants from government entities, environmental organizations, industry associations, cleaning product formulators and distributors, and chemical manufacturers and suppliers, working to shift the direction of industrial and institutional (I I) cleaning product... 

The XtraFOOD model was developed within the framework of a research project initiated by the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) [69]. The model calculates transfer of contaminants in the primary food chain (Fig. 8). In the project, the transfer model was coupled with historical food consumption data to estimate human exposure to contaminated food products. The model focuses on the terrestrial food chain. The XtraFOOD model consists of three modules, which are inter-linked ... 

Steen B (1999) A systematic approach to environmental priority strategies in product development (EPS), Version 2000 - Models and data of the default method. CPM Report No. 1995 5... 

Finally, accurate theoretical kinetic and dynamical models are needed for calculating Sn2 rate constants and product energy distributions. The comparisons described here, between experimental measurements and statistical theory predictions for Cl"+CHjBr, show that statistical theories may be incomplete theoretical models for Sn2 nucleophilic substitution. Accurate kinetic and dynamical models for SN2 nucleophilic substitution might be formulated by introducing dynamical attributes into the statistical models or developing models based on only dynamical assumptions. 

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