Individual difference

Should there be more than one known material, a weighted average of the individual differences (x) should be taken. The value of 5- should be based on the combined estimate from the two or more materials (perhaps different primary standards for bases). Should the materials differ markedly in composition, a plot of the individual constant errors against composition should be made. If the constant error appear to depend upon the composition, they should not be pooled in a weighted average. 

Individuals differ in their sensitivity to odor. Figure 14-7 shows a typical distribution of sensitivities to ethylsulfide vapor (17). There are currently no guidelines on inclusion or exclusion of individuals with abnormally high or low sensitivity. This variability of response complicates the data treatment procedure. In many instances, the goal is to determine some mean value for the threshold representative of the panel as a whole. The small size of panels (generally fewer than 10 people) and the distribution of individual sensitivities require sophisticated statistical procedures to find the threshold from the responses. 

Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. Dissatisfaction may be caused by thermal discomfort of the body as a whole as expressed with the PMV and PPD indices, or it may be caused by unwanted cooling (or heating) of a particular part of the body. Due to individual differences, it is impossible to specify a thermal environment that will satisfy everybody. There will always be a percentage of dissatisfied occupants, but it is possible to specify an environment predicted to be acceptable by a certain percentage of the occupants. 

Table 6.18 shows the effect of adding or removing garments on the preferred operative temperature. By individual adaption of clothing it is prrssible to compensate for individual differences in preferred temperature or for differences in activity level. The table is based on ISO EN 7730 and ISO EN 9920. 

Recent research on motivation theories has provided more elaborate models of the factors which drive human behavior and has taken into account issues of individual differences and the influence of the social and cultural... 

Simpson (1988) reviewed studies which considered individual differences in risk perception and the effects of these differences on behavior. A study by Verhaegen et al. (1985) looked at three groups of workers in wire mills. The first group comprised those who had been directly involved in events which led to the accident (the "active" group). The second group ("passive") were those who had only been involved indirectly ("innocent bystanders") and the third group were a control group who had not been involved in accidents at all. 

Roger, D., Nesshoever, W. (1987). The Construction and Preliminary Validation of a Scale for Measuring Emotional Control. Personality and Individual Difference 8, 527-534. 

Planted trees have two types of vertices, roots and nodes, subject to two conditions a root is the unique element of its species, it has valence one. In the general case there is no restriction. The partition into species can be arbitrary and is not tied to the valence. If the number of species is equal to the number of vertices, we are dealing with individually different vertices. At the other extreme is the graph in which all the vertices are interchangeable. 

The enzymatic activity of these potentially harmful enzymes is tightly controlled. Once transcribed into protein, MMPs are expressed as inactive zymogens and require distinct activation processes to convert them into active enzymes. After secretion, MMP-activity is regulated by the noncovalent binding of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases ( TIMPs) as shown in Fig. 2 for MMP-2 and TIMP-2. Four TIMPs have been identified so far TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4. All known MMPs can be inhibited by at least one of the four known TIMPs. Nevertheless, individual differences with regard to bond strength and thus the magnitude of inhibition of a particular MMP do exist. 

Clutterbuck and Megginson (1999) devoted an entire book to the challenges and practices of executive and director mentoring. In their book they emphasize that, although there are both national and individual differences, the specific needs executive mentees typically want to address show recurrent patterns, and these are shown in Table 3.2. 

Organizational cultures are influenced by many factors, such as the vision of fhe founder, the economic and market environment, technology and organizational structure (Handy, 1993). Another factor that impacts on organizational culture is national culture (Schneider and Barsoux, 1997). Leaving aside for a momenf individual differences, every nation is fhought to hold a set of beliefs, values and behaviours fhaf are considered unique to them. These determine how people do things both at work and in their personal lives. 

Figure 4.52. Coefficients of variation that reflect both tablet to tablet and analytical variability. For formulation B, particularly strengths 2 and 3, the drop in CV with higher cumulative release (a - b) is marked, cf. Fig, 4.50. When the dissolution rate is high, individual differences dominate, while towards the end analytical uncertainty is all that remains. The very low CVs obtained with strength 3 of formulation A ( 0.7-0.8%, data offset by +10% for clarity) are indicative of the analytical uncertainty. Because content uniformity is harder to achieve the lower the drug-to-excipient ratio, this pattern is not unexpected.

Death following treatment with a lethal dose of 2,3,7,8-TCDD is often delayed for several weeks. Among the animals which died following treatment, approximately half the deaths occurred between 13 and 18 days after treatment, with one animal dying as late as 43 days after a single oral dose. In mice and rabbits, there is a marked individual difference in susceptibility to this compound which makes it difficult to conduct acute lethality studies. 

The increased dopamine hypothesis is supported by findings of gene induction in the target areas and the indications that individual differences in dopamine receptors and transporters may underlie impulsive and addictive behaviour in humans. Studies in knock-out mice have, however, provided evidence for complex roles of 5-HT in these processes. 

Substantial individual differences were observed in the response to study breads and the ranges of enterolactone concentration changes in the groups were as follows -54.5-60.0 nmol/1 (placebo), -26.2-101.3 nmol/1 (LP), -19.6-81.8 nmol/1 (HP). This was something that could have been expected as in several studies dietary factors have explained only 10% of the variation in serum enterolactone (Vanharanta et al, 2002b Kilkkinen et al., 2001). This gives further support to the major role of intestinal bacteria in the synthesis of enterolactone. Decreased concentrations of enterolactone may occur due to an increased fiber intake, which may shorten the retention time in the colon and lead to incomplete metabolism of plant lignans. Constipation was earlier shown to be associated with an increased level of serum enterolactone (Kilkkinen et al., 2001). 

The individual differences between electrolytes appear mainly in concentrated solutions in dilute solutions distinct common traits are exhibited. When the experimental data are plotted as log/+ vs. f+, a linear relation is observed in very dilute solutions, as can be seen from Fig. 7.4 ... 

Doi R. 1991. Individual difference of methyhnercury metabolism in animals and its significance in methylmercury toxicity. In Suzuki T, Imura N, Clarkson TW, editors. Advances in mercury toxicology. New York (NY) Plenum Press. 

Nisbet I, Montoya J, Burger J, Hatch J. 2002. Use of stable isotopes to investigate individual differences in diets and mercury exposures among common terns Sterna hirundo in breeding and wintering grounds. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 242 267-274. 

Individual differences in arousal or arousability (susceptibility) interact with strength of exposure to affect mental performance, psychological functioning, and physiology. 

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