Mycobacterium

1 Mycobacterium. This genus are Gram-positive, non-motile rods that do not show branching. They are acid-fast, do not form endospores and do not produce aerial hyphae and spores. They attack sugars by oxidation, but may take a long time to do so as many of them are very slow growing. 

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R = R = H) are intermediate, and gentamicin and tobramycin are most susceptible (66). Resistance to streptomycin is widespread, and its use is currently confined primarily to infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Yersiniapestis and Francisella tularensis. 

Polyether Staph, aureus KXQXh Sarcina antibiotic No. 6538P lutea 9341 Bacillus sp. E 27859 Bacillus suhtilis 558 Bacillus megaterium 8011 Bacillus sp. EA 27860 Mycobacterium phlei 355 Streptomyces cellulosae 3313 Eaecilomyces varioti 26820... 

Alcohols, particularly ethanol [64-17-5] and 2-propanol [67-63-9] are important disinfectants and antiseptics. In the aUphatic series of straight-chain alcohols, the antimicrobial activity increases with increasing molecular weight up to a maximum, depending on the organism tested. For Staphylococcus aureus the maximum activity occurs using amyl alcohol [71-41-0], for Salmonella typhosa, octyl alcohol [111-87-5], CgH gO (43) ioT Mycobacterium tuberculosis... 

Eig. 1. The quasispeciftc effect ia the homologous series of o-alkyl-/)-chloropheaol derivatives agaiast A = Salmonella typhosa-, B = Staphyloccus aureus-, C = Mycobacterium tuberculosis-, D = Candidaalbicans. Pheaol coefficieat is the activity of the chemical tested compared to that of pheaol. 

Sudol uses fractions of coal tar rich in xylenols and ethylphenols. It is much more active and less corrosive than lysol, and remains more active in the presence of organic matter. The phenol coefficients of sudol against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are 6.3, 6, and 4, respectively. It also is slowly sporicidal (97). 

Tuberculocidal Test. The tubercle bacillus is resistant to disinfectants because the cells are protected with a waxy coating that is not readily penetrated. The tuberculocidal test is a use dilution practical type test that employs porcelain cylinders. The bacteria are different from those in the use dilution method (Table 10), the incubation time is longer, and the details of the procedure are different. For example, in the tuberculocidal test the test is divided into two parts, a presumptive test and a confirmatory test. The former employs Mycobacterium smegmatis and the latter employs Mycobacterium bovis (BCG). For the presumptive test the incubation time is 12 days, as against 48 hours for other bacteria used in the use-dilution method. For the confirmatory test the incubation time is 60 days, with an additional 30 days in case there is no growth. As shown in Table 10, the concentrations of the phenol standard are higher than used with other bacteria. 

M Wilson, J DeRisi, HH Kristensen, P Imboden, S Rane, PO Brown, GK Schoolmk. Exploring drug-induced alterations m gene expression m Mycobacterium tuberculosis by microairay hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 12833-12838, 1999. 

Stuckey, D. C., Caridis, K. A., Leak, D. J., Kinetics of Mycobacterium M156 for chiral biotransformations. Biotechnology 94, Indlnt. Symp. on Applied Biocatalysis, Brighton, pp.37-39, 1994. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care facilities, 1994, MMWR, vol. 43 (RR-L3), 1994, 1-132. 

The thiophene analog of chloramphenicol (255) has been synthesized,as also have been similar structures. The antibacterial activity of all was much lower than that of the natural antibiotic. The thioamide of 2-thenoic acid has been prepared in a study of potential antitubercular compounds. It did not surpass thioisonico-tinamide in antitubercular activity. The thiosemicarbazones of thio-phenealdehydes and ketones (cf. Section VII,D) show high activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but are very toxic. The thiosemi-carbazone of 4-(2-thienyl)-3-buten-2-one has been reported to be capable of completely inhibiting the in vitro growth of M. tuberculosis even in relatively low concentrations. ... 

Francis et and Snow have isolated from Mycobacterium phlei and M. tuberculosis two series of growth factors for M. johnei, containing the mycobactins P (12) and T (13), respectively. 

Anti-mycobacterium avium activity in vitro of 3-carboxy-7-methyl-6-nitro-l-ethyl-l,8-naphthyridin-4(lH)-one (6-nitro derivative of nalidixic acid) was demonstrated (93MI1). 

Compounds closely related to the sulfonamide antibiotics proved to be the first drugs effective against Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of the disease known since antiquity, leprosy. These drugs are at least partly responsible for the decline of I hose horror spots, the leper colonies. 

Assume that you have a culture of a Mycobacterium sp which is able to use cholesterol or -sitosterol as its sole source of carbon and energy. 

Mycobacterium fortuitum NRRL B-8119 9a-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-4,17-dione Upjohn... 

Mycobacterium parafortuitum FERM P-4926 9a-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione Mitsubishi... 

Although a humoral immune response is the primaiy protection against most viral and some bacterial diseases, protective defense against other pathogens such as HIV, Plasmodium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a cytotoxic response mediated by CD8+ T-cells (CTL response). Since the introduction of the vaccination concept by Jenner almost 200 yeats ago, only few vaccines have been developed that are able to induce a CTL response. These vaccines are usually attenuated live vaccines that are accompanied by certain risks and are not readily available for most pathogens. The immense appeal of DNA vaccines can be attributed to a considerable part to the fact that they are able to induce... 

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