Cytotoxicity response

Although a humoral immune response is the primaiy protection against most viral and some bacterial diseases, protective defense against other pathogens such as HIV, Plasmodium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a cytotoxic response mediated by CD8+ T-cells (CTL response). Since the introduction of the vaccination concept by Jenner almost 200 yeats ago, only few vaccines have been developed that are able to induce a CTL response. These vaccines are usually attenuated live vaccines that are accompanied by certain risks and are not readily available for most pathogens. The immense appeal of DNA vaccines can be attributed to a considerable part to the fact that they are able to induce... 

Fig. 18 Cytotoxic response of L929 cells after 4 days of encapsulation in miniaturized PMBV/PVA hydrogel formed in a microfluidic chip and in bulk PMBV/PVA hydrogel formed in a 96-well microplate...

McKnight et al. [28] Vertically oriented nanofibers-l-DNA Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells - centrifugation and compression Part of cells was lost, small production of GFP cytotoxic response was not observed... 

Bom et al. (2000) demonstrated that ort/20-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4 mmol/L) was much more cytotoxic than coumarin (4 mmol/L) to Chinese hamster ovary cells Kj, a cell line that does not contain cytochromes P450. When both of these compounds were investigated in metabolically active hepatocytes isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats, ort/20-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (0.8 mmol/L) caused a greater cytotoxic response compared with coumarin (0.8 mmol/L). 3-Hydroxycoumarin (0.8 mmol/L), not a product of coumarin epoxidation, did not cause a change in cell viability or an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity. 

In mouse spleen, enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity response 407... 

Activation and differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+ T cells) (CTLs) require interplay of various cytokines and cells. During the presentation of tumor-specific antigens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to helper T cells (CD4+ T cells), cytokines present in the microenvironment control the helper immune response to develop into either a cellular or a humoral response. CD4+ T cells have been classified into Thl and Th2 subsets according to the pattern of cytokines they produce. Thl clones secrete IL-12 and IFN-y, whereas Th2 clones secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10. Thl immune response is beneficial for the development of the cellular cytotoxic (CD8) immune response, whereas Th2 immune response is inhibitory to cytotoxic response. IFN-y is a type 1 interferon that also promotes Thl-type anti-tumor immunity, reduces tumor cell growth, and inhibits angiogenesis. 

Tier 3 of oxidative stress involves a cytotoxic response and mitochondrial membrane damage that lead to the activation of caspases that mediate programmed cell death (apoptosis) or necrosis, depending on the severity of oxidative insult. 

Malaguti, C., Yasumoto, T, and Paolo Rossini, G. 1999. Transient Ca2+-dependent activation of ERKl and ERK2 in cytotoxic responses induced by maitotoxin in breast cancer cells. FEBSLeftera 458, 137-140. 

Free radical chain reactions, which occur during lipid peroxidation, lead to formation of lipid hydroperoxides that decompose to several types of secondary free radicals and a large number of secondary reactive compounds, such as aldehydes, all resulting in the destruction of cellular membranes and other cytotoxic responses. 

Cantoni O, Evans RM, Costa M. 1982. Similarity in the acute cytotoxic response of mammalian cells to mercury (II) and X-rays DNA damage and glutathione depletion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 108 614-619. 

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