Mycobacterium avium

Anti-mycobacterium avium activity in vitro of 3-carboxy-7-methyl-6-nitro-l-ethyl-l,8-naphthyridin-4(lH)-one (6-nitro derivative of nalidixic acid) was demonstrated (93MI1). 

Bacteria 293 138 Mycobacterium avium (12) Novosphingobium aromaticivorans (8) Rhodococcus RHAl (20)... 

Jesenska A, M Bartos, V Czernekova, I Rychh k, I Pavlik, J Damborsky (2002) Cloning and expression of the haloalkane dehalogenase gene dhmA from Mycobacterium avium N85 and preliminary characterization of DhmA. Appl Environ Microbiol 68 3224-3230. 

Mycobacterium avium serovar-8 specific glycopeptidolipid allelic exchange mutant Mycobacterium avium are ubiquitous environmental organisms and a cause of disseminated infection in patients with end-stage AIDS)... 

PTLC was also used for the separation of lipid components in pathogenic bacteria. Mycobacterium avium has a requirement for fatty acids, which can be fulfilled by palmitic or oleic acid, and these fatty acids are then incorporated into triagylglycerols [80]. PTLC was used for the separation of fatty acids and triacylglycerols in the extracts of these bacterial cells to study the lipid classes in the bacterial cells cultured under different growth conditions. 

Immune reconstitution syndrome A syndrome characterized by fever and worsening of clinical symptoms of opportunistic infections or new symptoms occurring within weeks after starting antiretroviral therapy. This has been described for mycobacterial infections (Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Pneumocystis proved pneumonia, toxoplasmosis,... 

Mycobacterium avium infection DBA/lj T Hyperplasia, synovitis, synovial cyst formation, fibroblast proliferation, and osteoid deposition. Presence of neutrophils in the interarticular space. Higher levels of anti-CII Abs of the IgGl subtype. 93... 

Quinones MP, Jimenez F, Martinez H, et al. CC chemokine receptor (CCR)-2 prevents arthritis development following infection by Mycobacterium avium. J Mol Med 2006 84(6) 503-512. 

K Peters, S Leitzke, SE Diederichs, K Borner, H Hahn, RE Muller, S Ehlers. Preparation of a clofazimine nanosuspension for intravenous use and evaluation of its therapeutic efficacy in murine Mycobacterium avium infection. J Antimicrobial Chemother 45(l) 77-83,2000. 

Sisson, P. R. Freeman, R. Magee, J. G Lightfoot, N. F. Rapid differentiation of Mycobacterium xenopi from mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Clin. Path. 1992, 45, 355-357. 

Mycobacterium avium HIV-1 infection with iron loading II... 

As discussed in the previous section, long-standing inflammation may result in accumulation of iron in the reticuloendothelial system. In HIV-1 infection, a good example of a prolonged inflammatory process, such an excessive deposition of iron has been documented, and it may be responsible for an enhanced risk of certain infections (Boelaert etal., 1996). For instance, two studies reported an increased risk of Mycobacterium avium infection when such an excess of iron was present, as histologically documented (A1 Khafaie et ah, 1997 De Monye et ah, 1999). 

Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) Mycobacterium intracellulare Mycobacterium lepraemurium Mycobacterium smegmatis Salmonella typhimurium Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Leishmania donovani Toxoplasma gondii... 

Lymphoma, Burkitt s Lymphoma, immunoblastic Lymphoma, primary, or brain Mycobacterium avium complex or M. kamasii, disseminated or extrapulmonary M. tuberculosis, any site (pulmonary or extrapulmonary) Mycobacterium, other species or unidentified species, disseminated or extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Pneumonia, recurrent... 

The most common opportunistic diseases and their frequencies found before death in patients with AIDS between 1990 and 1994 were Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), Mycobacterium avium complex, and cytomegalovirus disease. 

Toxoplasma gondii Mycobacterium avium complex Varicella zoster virus (VZV)... 

Lyles, R.H. et al., Prognostic value of plasma HIV RNA in the natural history of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus and Mycobacterium avium complex. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, AIDS, 13, 341, 1999. 

It was found that the HIV envelope glycoprotein in vitro increases the production of NO by human monocyte-derived macrophages [114]. NO production is increased in patients who have AIDS [115], and the increased concentrations of nitrite in AIDS patients with opportunistic infections is caused by T gondii, Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium avium, whereas nitrite concentrations are normal in symptom-free patients. It was also confirmed that there was increased production of NO in the sera of children with HIV-1 infection, and of circulating cytokines, such as interleukin lp, tumor necrosis factor a, and interferon y. It is postulated that rises in the concentrations of these cytokines may represent a substantial stimulation of NO production [116]. In contrast, it has been shown that there was no altered endogenous nitrate formation in eight patients with AIDS, most of whom had opportunistic infections [117]. It has also been noted that there were high... 

Mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium avium complex are implicated in disseminated bacterial infections in AIDS patients. RFLP studies followed by hybridization with radiolabeled probe specific for an insertion sequence in M. avium (IS 1311) have been useful for typing M. avium stains (R2). A variety of molecular techniques are available for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. In addition to PCR, a method based on the ligase chain reaction has also been found to be sensitive to the detection of C. trachomatis infection in urine specimens collected from male and female subjects (VI). The differentiation between low-risk genotypes of human papilloma virus (HPV 6 or 11) from genotypes of high... 

R2. Roiz, M. P., Palenque, E., Guerrero, C., and Garcia, M. J., Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism as a genetic marker for typing mycobacterium avium strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 1389-1391 (1995). 

Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria that has characteristic cell walls and unusual staining properties. AIDS patients are most commonly infected with an atypical form of tuberculosis bacterium called Mycobacterium avium inter-cellulare. This bacterium does not normally cause disease in healthy people, but in AIDS patients, it may cause tuberculosis-like disease in the lungs. The infection can also involve numerous other tissues, such as the bone marrow, and bacteria may be present in the blood at very high levels. Patients with this opportunistic infection will have fevers and low number of white blood cells. These infections are often resistant to drugs. 

Example 19 Crich and Dudkin have used phosphoroamidite containing two different protecting groups 0-benzyl-0-2-cyanoethyl-iV,Ar-diisopropyl-phosphoroamidite [48]. This phosphitylating reagent was prepared in excellent yield from 2-cyanoethyl NyN diisopropylchlorophosphoroamidite, which was immediately used for coupling with an appropriate alcohol in the presence of tetrazole and oxidized without delay with TBHP. This kind of phosphorylation procedure was used in the synthesis of 4,8,12,16,20-pen-tamethyl-pentacosylphosphoryl / -o-mannopyranoside, an unusual / -man-nosyl phosphoisoprenoid from Mycobacterium avium. 

Barklay R, Ewing DF, Ratledge C (1985) Isolation, Identification, and Structural Analysis of the Mycobactins of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J Bacteriol 164 896... 

Lane SJ, Marshall PS, Upton RJ, Ratledge C, Ewing M (1995) Novel Extracellular Myco-bactins, the Carhoxymycobactins from Mycobacterium avium. Tetrahedron Lett 36 4129... 

Mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Myco-bac-terium leprae, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium fortuitum-M, Mycobacterium chelonae, and a few others are pathogenic organisms that cause very serious diseases in humans. The characteristic feature of mycobacteria is their high content of lipids (about 40% of their mass), and they are primarily located on the outer bacterial membrane. 

Prevention of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections 1,200 mg taken once weekly. 

Pharmacology Rifabutin, an antimycobacterial agent, is a semisynthetic ansamycin antibiotic derived from rifamycin S. It is not known whether rifabutin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Mycobacterium avium or in Mycobacterium... 

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