Diseases, bacterial

Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis. These vacciaes Hi combiaatioa (DTP) have beea routiaely used for active immunization of Hifants and young children sHice the 1940s. The recommended schedule calls for immunizations at 2, 4, and 6 months of age with boosters at 18 months and 4—5 years of age. SHice 1993 these vacciaes have beea available Hi combination with a vacciae that protects agaiast Haemophilus disease, thus providing protectioa agaiast four bacterial diseases Hi oae preparatioa. A booster immunization with diphtheria and tetanus only is recommended once every 10 years after the fifth dose. 

There are several methods of preparation of antibacterial quinolones, drugs widely used in the therapy of various bacterial diseases. The most general method is based on the nucleophilic cyclization of 2-halobenzoyl derivatives 402, leading to the key intermediates 403. The methodology is exemplified in Scheme 63 by the synthesis of a broad-spectrum drug ciprofloxacin... 

Although a humoral immune response is the primaiy protection against most viral and some bacterial diseases, protective defense against other pathogens such as HIV, Plasmodium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a cytotoxic response mediated by CD8+ T-cells (CTL response). Since the introduction of the vaccination concept by Jenner almost 200 yeats ago, only few vaccines have been developed that are able to induce a CTL response. These vaccines are usually attenuated live vaccines that are accompanied by certain risks and are not readily available for most pathogens. The immense appeal of DNA vaccines can be attributed to a considerable part to the fact that they are able to induce... 

One of the most potent routes for transmission of bacterial disease is via the air. Cross-infeetion in hospital wards, infeetion in operating theatres, the transmission of disease in elosed spaces such as cinemas and other places of assembly, in the ward rooms and erew s quarters of ships and in submarines are all well known. Of equal importance is the provision of a bacteria-fiee environment for aseptic manipulations generally. Clearly, the disinfeetion of atmospheres is a worthwhile field of study and to this end much research has been done. It is equally clearly important to be able to evaluate preparations claimed to be air disinfeetants. 

R. A. Lelliott and D. E. Stead, Methods for the diagnosis of bacterial diseases of plants. Methods in Plant Pathology (T. F. Preece, ed.), Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 1987. 

Levine MM Immunization against bacterial diseases of the intestine. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000 31 336-355. 

Adversely affects resistance of fishes to bacterial diseases... 

Vaccination against viral and bacterial diseases has been one of the success stories of human and veterinary medicine. Probably the most outstanding example of the effectiveness of vaccination is the eradication of smallpox. In 1967 between 10 and 15 million cases of smallpox occurred annually in some 33 countries. By 1977 the last naturally occurring case was reported in Somalia. Polio, too, has been controlled in developed countries, for example the number of cases in the USA was reduced from over 40,000 per year in the early 1950s, before a vaccine was available, to only a handful of cases in the 1980s. Diphtheria is now almost unheard of yet over 45,000... 

Melioidosis Bacterial disease of rodents that can be transmitted to humans via food contaminated by rodent droppings or biting flies. 

Ofek, I., Hasty, D. L., and Sharon, N. (2003b). Anti-adhesion therapy of bacterial disease Prospects and problems. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 38,181-191. 

Sharon, N., and Ofek, I. (2000). Safe as mother s milk Carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion drugs for bacterial diseases. Glycocon. J. 17, 659-664. 

Pears are susceptible to a bacterial disease called fireblight. If this is a problem in your area, train your pears to have multiple trunks in this way you may be able to remove infected wood and save the rest of the tree. 

Don t confuse this bacterial disease with sooty mold, a relatively harmless, black leaf fungus that rubs off easily. Fireblight bacteria enter the tree at the growing tips. They may travel down toward the roots and kill the whole tree. 

A widespread bacterial disease, common in light, sandy, alkaline soil and encouraged by hot, dry weather. Serious attacks can occur on newly cleared grassland. Following initial infection, the scab lesions produce spores that persist in the soil. Scab is usually present in most soils but is only active given the correct conditions. 

Following the sulfa drugs, a second discovery of the greatest importance for infectious bacterial disease was made penicillin. Penicillin is the first of the p-lactam antibiotics, so named because each of these molecules contains a four-membered lactam ring ... 

The current uses of tetracyclines in the poultry industry are almost entirely at the higher levels for the control of bacterial disease. This includes both feed additive and drinking water formulations. 

It would not be difficult to speculate on the problems that would arise if no antibacterial medication were available. Large numbers of farm animals would perish, chronic bacterial disease would be commonplace and the consequent losses both of life and productivity would drastically inflate the cost of milk and meat production apart from resulting in the bankruptcy and disappearance of many livestock producers ... 

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