Matter organic

Soil organic matter is found wherever organic matter is decomposed, mainly in the near surface. However soil organic matter may also be transported as suspended particles into deeper layers of the vadose zone or via surface- and groundwaterforming sediments. Although these components form a minor part of the total solid phase, they are of major importance in defining the surface properties of the solid phase and have a great impact on the chemical behavior. 

Litter Macroorganic matter (e.g., plant residues) that lies on the soil surface 

Light fraction Undecayed plant and animal tissues and their partial decomposition products that occur within the soil proper and can be recovered by flotation with a liquid of high density 

Soil biomass Organic matter present as five microbial tissue 

Humus Total of the organic compounds in soil, exclusive of undecayed plant and animal tissues, their partial decomposition products, and the soil biomass 

Lead may interact in several ways with organic substances in water (Fig. 3.5). 

Actual evidence regarding the existence and magnitude of lead-organic interactions in surface waters is, nevertheless, still very much in dispute. 

Predominantly land-derived organic matter with high contents of lignin and carbohydrates is more aromatic and has hydrogen to carbon ratios of around 1.0 to 1.5. 

Classification of organic compounds in terms of their skeletal carbon structure 

ALIPHATIC Open chains, straight or branched, of carbon atoms bonded with single, double or triple bounds or combinations of them. 

ALICYCLIC Closed or ring arrangements of carbon atoms with single or multiple bonds. 

AROMATIC A special arrangement of six carbon atoms in a ring with 

Soil texture, structure and organic matter content give soil a certain water-holding capacity which has a strong influence on the selection of microorganisms humidity promotes the formation of bacterial colonies whereas dryness promotes fungal 

Organic matter represents the primary fuel source for biodegradation hence, it is the favourite substrate for the formation and growth of microbial colonies. It also acts as a soil buffer (pH regulator) and contributes to soil aeration and humidity, and generally imparts a significantly positive contribution to microbial habitat preservation. 

Usually microorganisms can only adapt to a specific pH range and are strongly affected by pH fluctuations. Hence, the soil pH value is an important factor which 

Temperature influences microbial presence and activity because it allows the formation of microorganism colonies that can only live at a certain temperature range. Warm temperatures promote the chemical reaction rate of microbial metabolism and enzymatic breakdown of polymers [15]. 

Soil O2 content discriminates between aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, by promoting the growth of those microorganisms capable of living respectively with or without an O2 source. Usually, the O2 content is inversely proportional to the water and CO2 content [14]. 

Functional group Description Structure Text Examples 

Alkyl Hydrocarbon root with only R — CH,(CHp- Methane CH  

Alcohol Root bonded to an Oxygen atom, R—OH R-OH Methanol CHj(OH) 

Carbonyl Carbon doubly bonded to oxygen e -CO- Key functional part 

Aldehyde Root bonded to a carbon with a 0 II c R-CHO Propanal 

Solid or semi-solid samples may require extraction with an aqueous solution to isolate the ionic components in a form suitable for IC. The actual procedures vary widely, depending on the type of sample. For example, meat and sausage products to be analyzed for nitrate and nitrite are first homogenized mechanically, extracted wth a 5 % borax buffer solution in a hot water bath, and then subjected to a precipitation with strong solutions of potassium hexacyano ferrate and zinc sulfate. The aqueous extracts are diluted further with de-ionized water and filtered through a membrane prior to injection. 

Organic substances in the sample matrix may interfere with ion chromatographic separations. In some cases it is sufficient to add enough methanol or another organic solvent to completely solubilize organic matter. But in samples that are soluble in 

Many methods are available for removal of organic material from aqueous samples by off-line SPE [7]. Hydrophobic organic material is best extracted by solid poly(sty-rene-DVB) polymers or reversed-phase silica extractants. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is an appropriate choice for removal of humic acids, lignins and tannins from water samples. 

---

Sulfur comes mainly from the decomposition of organic matter, and one observes that with the passage of time and of gradual settling of material into strata, the crude oils lose their sulfur in the form of H2S that appears in the associated gas, a small portion stays with the liquid. Another possible origin of H2S is the reduction of sulfates by hydrogen by bacterial action of the type desulforibrio desulfuricans (Equation 8.1) ... 

Several conditions need to be satisfied for the existence of a hydrocarbon accumulation, as indicated in Figure 2.1. The first of these is an area in which a suitable sequence of rocks has accumulated over geologic time, the sedimentary basin. Within that sequence there needs to be a high content of organic matter, the source rock. Through elevated temperatures and pressures these rocks must have reached maturation, the condition at which hydrocarbons are expelled from the source rock. 

The silver salts of most carboxylic acids are only sparingly soluble in cold water, and hence are readily prepared. Moreover they very rarely contain water of crystallisation, and therefore when dried can be analysed without further treatment. The analysis itself is simple, rapid and accurate, because gentle ignition of a weighed quantity of the silver salt in a crucible drives off the organic matter, leaving a residue of pure metallic silver. 

Virtually anywhere water contacts organic matter in the absence of air is a suitable place for methanoarchaea to thrive—at the bottom of ponds bogs and rice fields for example Marsh gas (swamp gas) IS mostly methane Methanoarchaea live inside termites and grass eating animals One source quotes 20 L/day as the methane output of a large cow... 

Organic matter Hot concentrated sulfuric acid plus a few drops of sodium or potassium nitrate solution. 

Iodine monochloride Aluminum foil, organic matter, metal sulfides, phosphorus, potassium, rubber, sodium... 

Nitric acid, fuming Organic matter, nonmetals, most metals, ammonia, chlorosulfonic acid, chromium trioxide, cyanides, dichromates, hydrazines, hydrides, HCN, HI, hydrogen sulflde, sulfur dioxide, sulfur halides, sulfuric acid, flammable liquids and gases... 

Nitrogen trichloride Ammonia, As, hydrogen sulflde, nitrogen dioxide, organic matter, ozone, phosphine, phosphorus, KCN, KOH, Se, dibutyl ether... 

Peroxoacetic acid Acetic anhydride, oleflns, organic matter... 

Phosphorus trichloride Acetic acid, aluminum, chromyl dichloride, dimethylsulfoxide, hydroxylamine, lead dioxide, nitric acid, nitrous acid, organic matter, potassium, sodium water... 

Sodium peroxide Glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, aniline, benzene, benzaldehyde, carbon di-sulflde, diethyl ether, ethanol or methanol, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, furfural, glycerol, metals, methyl acetate, organic matter... 

In addition to the main acidulation reaction, other reactions also occur. Free calcium carbonate in the rock reacts with the acid to produce additional by-product calcium compounds and CO2 gas which causes foaming. Other mineral impurities, eg, Fe, Al, Mg, U, and organic matter, dissolve, the result being that the wet-process acid is highly impure. 

In the removal of contaminating ions such as (PO or Fe " a precipitate such as Ca2(P0 2 Fe(OH)2, after oxidizing ferrous ion to ferric, is formed and the soHd is removed. The addition of surfactants is usually not essential (nor desirable) since most waters contain natural surfactants that would render the soflds sufficiently hydrophobic for flotation to occur. Such surfactants derive from the degradation of organic matter, and humic substances abundantly available in nature (30). 

For many years fluorine has been deterrnined by the Willard-Winters method in which finely ground ore, after removal of organic matter, is distilled with 72% perchloric acid in glass apparatus. The distillate, a dilute solution of fluorosiUcic acid, is made alkaline to release fluoride ion, adjusted with monochloroacetic acid at pH 3.4, and titrated with thorium nitrate, using sodium a1i2arine sulfonate as indicator. 

W. L. RoUer and co-workers. Grown Organic Matter as a Fuel Raw Material Source, NASA Report CR-2608, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Washington, D.C., Oct. 1975. 

---