Mycobacterium infection

A variety of other clinically important infections, such as brucellosis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, and various Mycobacterium infections, are of interest as these are often localized in organs rich in MPS cells. Liposome encapsulation has been demonstrated to improve therapeutic indices of several drugs in a number of infectious models. The natural avidity of macrophages for liposomes can also be exploited in the application of the vesicles as carriers of immunomodulators to activate these cells to an microbicidal, antiviral, or tumoricidal state. These studies were recently reviewed by Emmen and Storm (1987), Popescu et al. (1987), and Alving (1988). In addition to the treatment of "old" infectious diseases, the concept of MPS-directed drug delivery is of considerable interest for the therapy AIDS, possibly enabling control of human immunodeficiency virus replication in human macrophages. 

Anti-Phos Ab array BCG mycobacterium infection of host Monocyte THP-1 cells Activation of SAP kinase cJun, i PKC vare T a-adducin, GSK-3 3 by BCG infection... 

Thymidine kinase (TK) is an essential enzyme for phosphorylation of deoxy-thymidine and DNA synthesis. In addition, it is the enzyme responsible for activation and-or metabolism of a variety of nucleoside analog drugs (for example DNA chain terminators such as AZT). This enzyme has received significant interest for treatment of herpes simplex virus infections (cf. acyclovir) or mycobacterium infections. In both cases, therapies have been developed that seek to exploit the differences between viral or bacterial TK and human TK. Two forms of thymidine kinase are found in human cells TK1 (cytosolic, active in replicating cells) and TK2 (mitochondrial, constitutively active). Some antiviral-anticancer drugs are metabolized by either one of the isozymes. In some cases, this may be associated with either lack of efficacy or... 

A case report describes a 54-year-old man with small cell lung cancer and Mycobacterium infection who was uneventfully treated with rifampiein 450 mg daily, isoniazid, streptomycin and pyrazinamide. After 2 weeks of antimycobacterial treatment he was given irinoteean, 75 mg/m on days 1 and 8, and cisplatin 60 mg/m on day 1 for 4 cyeles, for one of which ri-... 

R = R = H) are intermediate, and gentamicin and tobramycin are most susceptible (66). Resistance to streptomycin is widespread, and its use is currently confined primarily to infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Yersiniapestis and Francisella tularensis. 

AC A8 A08.001 Signal peptidase II Drug target for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection... 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causal organism of tuberculosis in humans. Allied strains cause infections in animals, e.g. bovine tuberculosis and tuberculosis in rodents. Due to the waxy nature of the cell wall this organism will resist desiccation and will survive in sputum. Tuberculosis has been largely eliminated by immunization and chemotherapy. 

The advent of multidrug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has led to increased fears of untreatable infections by serious pathogens. Rifampicin, streptomycin and, occasionally, the quinolones are drugs used in the treatment of mycobacterial infections and resistance to those agents is as described previously. There... 

Mycobacterium avium serovar-8 specific glycopeptidolipid allelic exchange mutant Mycobacterium avium are ubiquitous environmental organisms and a cause of disseminated infection in patients with end-stage AIDS)... 

Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) kills about 2 million people each year, more than any other infectious organism. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it presents either as latent TB infection (LTBI) or as progressive active disease.1 The latter typically causes progressive destruction of the lungs, leading... 

Immune reconstitution syndrome A syndrome characterized by fever and worsening of clinical symptoms of opportunistic infections or new symptoms occurring within weeks after starting antiretroviral therapy. This has been described for mycobacterial infections (Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Pneumocystis proved pneumonia, toxoplasmosis,... 

Mycobacterium avium infection DBA/lj T Hyperplasia, synovitis, synovial cyst formation, fibroblast proliferation, and osteoid deposition. Presence of neutrophils in the interarticular space. Higher levels of anti-CII Abs of the IgGl subtype. 93... 

Quinones MP, Jimenez F, Martinez H, et al. CC chemokine receptor (CCR)-2 prevents arthritis development following infection by Mycobacterium avium. J Mol Med 2006 84(6) 503-512. 

K Peters, S Leitzke, SE Diederichs, K Borner, H Hahn, RE Muller, S Ehlers. Preparation of a clofazimine nanosuspension for intravenous use and evaluation of its therapeutic efficacy in murine Mycobacterium avium infection. J Antimicrobial Chemother 45(l) 77-83,2000. 

Assehneau, C. Clavel, S. Clement,F. Daffe, M. David, H. Laneelle, M. A. Prome, J. C. Lipid constituents of Mycobacterium leprae isolated from experimentally infected armadillo. Anna . Microbiol. (Paris) 1981,132A, 19-30. 

Mycobacterium avium HIV-1 infection with iron loading II... 

As discussed in the previous section, long-standing inflammation may result in accumulation of iron in the reticuloendothelial system. In HIV-1 infection, a good example of a prolonged inflammatory process, such an excessive deposition of iron has been documented, and it may be responsible for an enhanced risk of certain infections (Boelaert etal., 1996). For instance, two studies reported an increased risk of Mycobacterium avium infection when such an excess of iron was present, as histologically documented (A1 Khafaie et ah, 1997 De Monye et ah, 1999). 

Thiolactomycin (16) is another natural product that reversibly inhibits E. coli FabF, FabB, and FabH with respective ICso s of 6, 25 and 110 (iM. Unlike cerulenin, it binds the malonyl-ACP site of the enzyme [27]. Despite modest double-digit MICs on . coli, S. aureus, Serratia marces-cens, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 16 has generated quite some interest due to its good in vivo protection against an oral or intramuscular S. marcescens urinary tract infection model where it displayed rapid tissue distribution [28]. Despite several medicinal chemistry efforts, thiolactomycin has proven difficult to optimize due to some strict functional group requirements for its SAR [29]. 

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