Mycobacterium tuberculosis surface

Note The PPD is a purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is injected subcutaneously into the volar surface of the forearm to stimulate a hypersensitivity reaction. If, within 24 to 48 hours there is an area of induration greater than 10 mm in diameter, it is a positive PPD test and indicates that the patient had been exposed to and infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.] The patient s test was positive. Due to his homeless status, it is likely that he came in contact with TB-infected individuals. 

Polysaccharides which resemble animal glycogens in chemical and physical properties have been isolated from bacterial cells, including avian and human strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and surface cultures of enteric bacteria (for example, Escherichia coli and Salmonella monte-video), and also from yeasts. ... 

C. Vizcaino, D. Restrepo-Montoya, D. Rodriguez, L. F. Nino, M. Ocampo, M. Vanegas, M. T. Reguero, N. L. Martinez, M. E. Patarroyo, M. A. Patarroyo, Computational prediction and experimental assessment of secreted/surface proteins from mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. PLoS Comput. Biol 2010, 6, 1-19. 

Interaction between mycobacterium and leukocytes can also result in modulation of the receptors for ELR+ CXC chemokines. Human neutrophils down-regulate their surface expression of CXCR2 upon initial interaction with either M. tuberculosis or mycobacterial lipomannas (62), perhaps indicating an antiinflammatory counterregulatory mechanism. Similarly, peripheral blood monocytes of patients with tuberculosis have reduced expression of both CXCRl and -2 compared to uninfected patients (70). Interestingly, HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis have an even lower expression of CXCRl and -2 than non-HIV patients with tuberculosis (70). In addition, peripheral monocytes from patients with both HIV and tuberculosis infections have reduced IL-8 production in response to LPS, and IL-8-induced neutrophil degranulation is impaired (71,72). These abnormalities may contribute to the impaired host defense of patients with HIV to mycobacterial infections. 

Lactic acid (pJC = 3.83 at 25 °C, see Section 8.2.6.1.3) occurs as a natural compound in many fermented products (e.g. yoghurt, fermented sauerkraut and olives). As a preservative, lactic acid (E270) is mainly used as an addulant The undissociated form diffuses through cell membrane of many bacteria and lowers the pH within the cell. It has a bacteriostatic effect on pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the M. tuberculosis bacteria, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Lactic acid is also effective against other bacteria, so it is used, for example, for surface decontamination of meat and in production of dehcacies. Usually it is applied in combination with sodium lactate. 

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