Mycobacterium intracellular

Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) Mycobacterium intracellulare Mycobacterium lepraemurium Mycobacterium smegmatis Salmonella typhimurium Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Leishmania donovani Toxoplasma gondii... 

Barklay R, Ewing DF, Ratledge C (1985) Isolation, Identification, and Structural Analysis of the Mycobactins of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J Bacteriol 164 896... 

Infection with Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium intracellulare occurs in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. These organisms infrequently cause lung disease in older adults and children with normal immunity but abnormal lungs. 

Interest in the nontuberculous (atypical) mycobacteria, especially members of the Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium scro-fulaceum complex, has also been stimulated by AIDS. Infection with the M. avium complex is seen in up to 50% of patients with AIDS in some areas of the world.3 A review of U.S. cases found an overall 5.5% incidence of M. avium complex in AIDS patients.3 Leprosy, however, is clearly on the wane, although it remains a substantial problem.4 Its prevalence has been steadily diminished to a present-day worldwide figure of about 3 million registered cases and 5.5 million estimated cases, owing in part to a most effective multiple-drug regimen. The World Health Assembly has dedicated itself to the technical elimination of leprosy (that is, a prevalence of less than 1 per 10,000 population) by the turn of the century. 

P. J. Brennan, G. O. Aspinall, and J. E. Shin, Structure of the specific oligosaccharides from the glyco-peptidolipid antigens of serovars in the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobac-terium scrofulaceum complex,/. Biol. Chem., 256 (1981) 6817-6822. 

Sorocea muriculata Miq. (roots) Diels-Alder-type adducts Sorocenol G (431) Sorocenol H (429). Used traditionally to treat inflammation and gastric ulcers. Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coU, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Antifungal activity. Ross et al., 2008[275]. 

Rao SP, Gehlsen KR, Catanzaro A (1992) Identification of a beta 1 integrin on Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare. Infect Immun 60 3652-3657... 

G9. Goto, M., Shinichi, O., Okuzumi, K., Kimura, S., and Shimada, K., Evaluation of acridinium ester-labeled DNA probes for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex in culture. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29, 2473-2476 (1991). 

Brennan, P.J., and M.B. Goren Structural Studies on the Type-Specific Antigens and Lipids of the Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum serocom-plex. Mycobacterium intracellulare serotype 9. J. Biol. Chem. 254, 4205 (1979). 

Barrow, W.W., and PJ. Brennan Isolation in High Frequency of Rough Variants of Mycobacterium intracellulare Lacking C-Mycoside Glycopeptidolipid Antigens. J. Bacteriol. 150, 381 (1982). 

Terelitsky, M.J., and W.W. Barrow Postphagocytic Detection of Glycopeptido-lipids Associated with the Superficial Lj Layer of Mycobacterium intracellulare. Infect. Immun. 41, 1312 (1983). 

Mycobacteria are more resistant than other non-sporulating bacteria to a wide range of biocides. Examples of such organisms axe Mycobacterium tuberculosis, theM avium-intracellulare (MAI) group andM. chelonae (M. chelonei). Of the bacteria, however, the most resistant of all to biocides are bacterial spores, e.g. Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus. 

Sisson, P. R. Freeman, R. Magee, J. G Lightfoot, N. F. Rapid differentiation of Mycobacterium xenopi from mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Clin. Path. 1992, 45, 355-357. 

Pharmacology Isoniazid inhibits the synthesis of mycoloic acids, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. At therapeutic levels, isoniazid is bacteriocidal against actively growing intracellular and extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms. 

Pharmacology Rifampin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in susceptible cells. Specifically, it interacts with bacterial RNA polymerase, but does not inhibit the mammalian enzyme. Cross-resistance has only been shown with other rifamycins. Rifampin at therapeutic levels has demonstrated bactericidal activity against intracellular and extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms. Pharmacokinetics ... 

Toxoplasma gondii, Lelshmania donovani. Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare. Interferon gamma-lb was found to enhance osteoclast function in vitro. 

Tuberculosis can be an extremely difficult disease to manage. Most cases are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These organisms are different from other microorganisms in several aspects. They have another sensitivity spectrum and their growth rate is very slow. The mycobacterium can remain dormant for extended periods of time. Furthermore tuberculosis is an intracellular infection and the mycobacterium is therefore difficult to reach by antimy-cobacterials. All these factors contribute to the fact... 

Increasingly the existence of multiresistant strains is reported, especially in the United States but also elsewhere. Also the occurrence of infections with difficult to treat, so called atypical mycobacteria like Mycobacterium avium intracellulare and Mycobacterium kansasii is on the rise. These infections are especially seen in patients with a compromised immune system. In vitro these atypical mycobacteria often show resistance against first-choice drugs. However this in vitro lack of sensitivity does not always correspond with in vivo responses. 

Rifabutin, a semi-synthetic derivative of rifamy-cin S, is a bactericidal antibiotic primarily used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Its effect is based on blocking the DNA-dependend RNA-polymerase of the bacteria. Rifabutin is used in the treatment of infections with Mycobacterium avium intracellulare. Rifabutin is well tolerated in patients with HIV-related tuberculosis, but patients with low CD4 cell counts have a high risk of treatment failure or relapse due to acquired rifamycin resistance. 

Ethambutol is a water-soluble, heat-stable compound that acts by inhibition of arabinosyl transferase enzymes that are involved in cell wall biosynthesis. Nearly all strains of M tuberculosis and M. kansasii and most strains of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare are sensitive to ethambutol. Drug resistance relates to point mutations in the gene (EmbB) that encodes the arabinosyl transferases that are involved in mycobacterial cell wall synthesis. 

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