Defenses against

Visual Inspection. Visual inspection should always be regarded as the first defense against failure (1). Without scientific proof, it is estimated that 80% of defects are found by visual inspection. A pilot walking around an aircraft, or a mechanic observing a machine in operation often finds defects very quickly. The cost of this inspection is minimal. Human factor considerations are particularly important for the visual inspection process. Although the visual inspection is perhaps the most inexpensive and finds the most defects, the 20% of the defects remaining after the visual inspection must also be found thus the more costly and technically elaborate NDE methods are needed. 

R. N. Sterhn, V. I. Yemelyanov, and V. I. Zimin, "Chemical Weapons and Defense Against Them," Khim. Oru iye i Zashchita otNego, (1975). 

The lines of defense against both types of eorrosion are similar. First, reduee the eontaminants. 

This model of accident causation is described further in Figure 1.3. This represents the defenses against accidents as a series of shutters (engineered safety systems, safety procedures, emergency training, etc.) When the gaps in these shutters come into coincidence then the results of earlier hardware or human failures will not be recovered and the consequences will occur. Inap-... 

Viral infections continue to be significant causes of morbidity and mortality and at the same time continue to be resistant to treatment by small molecules. Avridine (6) is an antiviral compound which has shown some activity in a variety of animal tests apparently based upon its ability to stimulate a number of cells to produce the high molecular weight endogenous antiviral substance interferon. Thus, the compound is believed to operate indirectly by stimulating the body s own natural defenses against viral penetration into host cells. Avridine is synthesized by... 

Substituting EPI for DOX Lower formation of ROS or secondary alcohol metabolite Same as those of DOX combination with drugs that stimulate anthracycline conversion to secondary alcohol metabolite or diminish the cardiac defenses against ROS... 

Although a humoral immune response is the primaiy protection against most viral and some bacterial diseases, protective defense against other pathogens such as HIV, Plasmodium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a cytotoxic response mediated by CD8+ T-cells (CTL response). Since the introduction of the vaccination concept by Jenner almost 200 yeats ago, only few vaccines have been developed that are able to induce a CTL response. These vaccines are usually attenuated live vaccines that are accompanied by certain risks and are not readily available for most pathogens. The immense appeal of DNA vaccines can be attributed to a considerable part to the fact that they are able to induce... 

Christman, M.F., Morgan,R.W., Jacobson, F.S., Ames, B. (1985). Positive control of a regulon for defenses against oxidative stress and some heat shock proteins in Salmonella typhimurium. Cell 41, 753-762. 

Defense against infection by the white blood cells and circulating antibodies... 

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